Los jóvenes manifestaron su preocupación
por la falta de empleos decentes a través de sus
representantes, seleccionados por cada país del G20. En
mayo de 2012, los representantes de los jóvenes se
reunieron en la Cumbre Y20 (Puebla, México) y formularon
una serie de conclusiones para llamar la atención de los
líderes del G20 sobre las prioridades mundiales (la
estabilidad mundial y la inclusión financiera, el comercio
internacional, el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento verde,
la seguridad alimentaria y el futuro del G20, entre otros). Una
serie de conclusiones específicas giró en torno a
la creación de empleo de calidad para los
jóvenes…
A continuación se reproducen algunos
Gráficos y Tablas seleccionados, del Informe OIT:
"Tendencias Mundiales del Empleo Juvenil 2013 – Una
generación en peligro" completo (de la versión
en idioma inglés):
* = preliminary estimate; p = projection. Note: The
charts depict the evolution of global and regional unemployment
rates between 2008 and 2012 as well as unemployment rate
projections for 2013 to 2018. Projections are presented in the
form of a fan chart, indicating the probability of various
outcomes for the unemployment rates. Each shade of the fans
corresponds to one-third of the confidence interval around the
central projection (see Annex E for methodological information).
Source: ILO: Trends Econometric Models, April 2013.
Skills mismatch in the sense of
overeducation or undereducation means that workers have either
more education or less education than is required. This report
uses a common measure of this type of skills mismatch based on
the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO)
(see, for example, Quintini, 2011). This normative measure starts
from a division of major occupational groups (first-digit ISCO
levels) into four broad groups (table 3) and assigns a level of
education to each occupational group in accordance with the
International Standard Classification of Education
(ISCED).
6.1 A global framework to tackle the youth employment
crisis
Improvements in youth labour market outcomes can only be
achieved through an in-depth understanding of both global and
country-specific employment and labour market issues. The
analysis of youth labour markets, particularly of the issues that
characterize youth transitions to decent work, is key for
determining country-specific needs and for shaping policies and
programmatic interventions.
There is no one-size-fits all approach to tackling the
youth employment crisis. However, there are some key policy areas
that need to be considered in relation to national and local
circumstances. These areas were identified at the International
Labour Conference (ILC) in June 2012 and are included in its
resolution "The youth employment crisis: A call for action",
which was adopted by representatives of governments, employers"
organizations and trade unions of the 185 member States of the
ILO (ILO, 2012g).
The "call for action" underlines the urgency for
immediate and targeted interventions to tackle the unprecedented
youth employment crisis that is affecting most countries across
all regions. The conclusions that accompany the ILC resolution
provide a global framework to help countries shape national
strategies that are based on a multi-pronged and balanced
approach. The framework covers five main policy areas: (1)
employment and economic policies to increase aggregate demand and
improve access to finance; (2) education and training to ease the
school-to-work transition and to prevent skills mismatches; (3)
labour market policies to target employment of disadvantaged
youth; (4) entrepreneurship and self-employment to assist
potential young entrepreneurs; and (5) labour rights that are
based on international labour standards to ensure that young
people receive equal treatment and are afforded rights at work.
These main policy areas are briefly discussed below in light of
the issues identified in this report…
6.2 Conclusions
The unprecedented youth employment crisis requires
countries to take immediate and targeted action. Measures should
be balanced among the following instruments, which must be
adapted to country-specific needs:
Multi-pronged and balanced strategies for growth
and job creation. Youth employment is bound to the
overall employment situation: this is why an
employment-centred strategy that aims to increase growth and
overall aggregate demand would increase the job opportunities
for young people. Public-private partnerships and regional
and local development can also contribute by providing
innovative and scalable solutions.Targeted youth employment action through
tripartite consensus and time-bound action plans.
Governments, employers" organizations and trade unions are
well placed to determine the action to be taken at national
and sectorial levels for the promotion of decent work for
youth. Over the past decade, the ILO has assisted several
countries in developing national action plans on youth
employment. These plans can be used to convert youth
employment priorities into concrete action and to strengthen
the coordination of youth employment
interventions.Apprenticeships, skills training and other
work-training programmes. The combination of skills
development with work experience has proven effective,
including during the recent crisis. Apprenticeships for
low-skilled and inexperienced young people can improve their
long-term employability and reduce labour costs for
enterprises (ILO, 2012i).Comprehensive packages of labour market measures
targeting specific groups of young people. Youth
employment programmes that are targeted at disadvantaged
youth and offer a comprehensive package of services, such as
youth guarantees, can facilitate the transition of young
people to decent work. Active labour market policies that are
based on single measures are unlikely to work for
disadvantaged youth. More effort should be made to expand
youth employment and livelihood interventions that target
poor youth in irregular employment. A tailor-made package
approach that targets specific groups of young people will be
most effective. For instance, evaluations show that wage
subsidies to encourage the private sector to hire young
people are likely to yield a long-term employment impact if
they are combined with counseling and training-cum-work
experience support.Employment services. Labour market
intermediation that offers "standard" support to all young
jobseekers (for example, self-service, group counseling and
job search techniques, including employment planning) and
more intensive and targeted assistance for "hard-to-place"
youth can respond most effectively to the diverse needs and
labour market difficulties of young people. Early
interventions based on profiling techniques and outreach
programmes make the services more relevant to young people
and assist enterprises in the recruitment process.
Partnerships between employment offices and municipal
authorities, the social partners, social services and civil
society organizations are required to improve the targeting
of young people who fall within the reach of the labour
offices.Multiple services for entrepreneurship, social
enterprises and cooperatives development. Training
support, assistance in accessing credit, markets and
networks, and other actions aimed at encouraging
entrepreneurship can provide options for young people
including during times of crisis. Recovery policies should
give priority to access to finance for micro, small and
medium-sized enterprises.Bipartite and tripartite cooperation.
Establishing an enabling environment for the successful
implementation of employment and labour market interventions
for young people requires bipartite and tripartite
cooperation. This is confirmed by the results of evaluations
of youth employment programmes. Governments, employers"
organizations and trade unions all have a role to play, both
through fulfilling their own specific mandates and through
concerted and joint efforts.Platforms for exchanging knowledge and lessons of
what works. A great deal can be learned from good
practice in public policy and from innovative partnerships,
but much of the experience gained is not sufficiently well
known. More platforms and networks are needed to
systematically identify and disseminate lessons on what
works. Sharing information through publicly available global
repositories, platforms and networks can make a major
contribution.
Annex A. World and regional tables
The source of all tables in Annex A is ILO, Trends
Econometric Models, April 2013.2012p are preliminary estimates.
2013p–2018p are projections.
Autor:
Ricardo Lomoro
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