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Shrimp Farms in Ecuador




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    Shrimp Farms in Ecuador

    1. Topics for the
      Essay
    2. Introduction
    3. First Shrimp farms in
      Ecuador
    4. First kind of shrimp and methods
      of cultivation
    5. Generalities about shrimp farms
      in Ecuador
    6. Common affections and deceases
      of shrimp
    7. Shrimp
      exportations
    8. Conclusions
    9. Bibliography

    Topics for the
    Essay

    1) Shrimp farms in Ecuador

    A complete description of the shrimp farms in Ecuador, from
    their history to ways of cultivation, principal kind of shrimps
    cultivated in Ecuador, location
    of the shrimp farms, deceases and ways of exporting
    them

    2) Asiatic Atypical Pneumonic

    History and description of this new mortal decease,
    contains information like symptoms, where was discovered, when
    was discovered, and treatments

    3) Electricity in Ecuador

    History of the electrical systems in Ecuador, since the
    beginning until the current days. Power generation, transmission
    and distribution. Energy cost of generation and
    comerzalization.

    Introduction

    The Gulf of Guayaquil in Ecuador owns the biggest
    estuary in the south pacific. This region compared with other
    zones in the Ecuadorian coast is considered of high productivity
    in biomass because of the particulars ambiental conditions.
    Conditions obtained by the great volume of fresh water and
    sediments which are provided by the Guayas river and the
    difference between tides (3m). This estuarine process and
    it’s effects can be felt 30 nautical miles into the
    continent by the shrimp farmers.

    The zone of the estuary characterized by the mixing
    between the fresh water of the river Guayas and the contribution
    of the oceanic flow, establish a salinity variety, which is
    function of the tide.

    Moreover of the mixing of the fresh and salt water, the
    variation of the 2 seasons of the tropical regime is an important
    factor. One is the rainy season and other is the summer. In the
    rainy season the temperature and salinity of the water is lower
    than the summer, also the oxygen level in the rainy season is
    lower but the level of some minerals like phosphorus and nitrogen
    is higher than in the summer.

    First Shrimp farms in
    Ecuador

    The activity of breeding shrimp in Ecuador was started
    in the southeast shore of the Guayaquil Gulf, in 1969 by
    initiative of the farmers dedicated to this activity. At first
    the seed or larva was captured at the adjacent estuaries of the
    shrimp farm and transported in plastic recipients without any
    control, so the
    level of survivalship was very low, then the farmers created a
    new system of seeding which consisted in a serie of low deep
    canals, so because of the tides, great quantities of larva were
    deposited there. In the first shrimp farms there wasn’t an
    idea about how many seeds should be sowed by hectare, so first
    shrimp farmers started sowing between 15000 and 120000 seeds by
    hectare.

    First kind of shrimp
    and methods of cultivation

    In the year 1969 there wasn’t too much knowledge
    about the shrimp cultivation so farmers started with the
    extensive method, which consist in capturing the seeds from the
    estuaries and then transport them into the breeding pool where
    they were maintained for periods of 4 and 8 months and when they
    turned into adult age they are ready for being reaped and
    commercialized. At the beginning the size of each pool was
    between 20 and 100 hectare, but the optimum size is 10 to 25
    hectare, generally the shape of each pool is rectangular, but
    there are also trapezoidal pools depending on the farmer
    convenience.

    At first the fattening process was made with the natural
    food along 4 o 8 months with a efficiency of 400 to 300
    pounds/ha/year, Nowdays the average of that efficiency is 15000
    pounds/ha/year because of the advantages of the intensive cultive
    and new technologies introduced in the country. Then the farmers
    started to renew the water more frequently for getting more food
    and better ambiental conditions, like salinity and temperature of
    the water, this process was a little difficult because of the
    extension of the pools.

    1. Generalities
      about shrimp farms in Ecuador

    Location of shrimp farms

    In Ecuador most of the shrimp farms are located near
    estuaries or near the sea or any river which can provide of water
    to the farm, but in the last years because of the deceases and
    virus presence
    in the sea and estuaries water, shrimp farmers decided to
    construct shrimp farms in other zones where the contaminated
    water with deceases won´t be a problem, these farms are
    called in land farms

    Salt water farms

    Salt water farms are the most common in our country,
    they are located near the estuaries or the sea or the river so
    they gets the water from there, most of this farms are dedicated
    to the extensive cultives and have the menace of lots of deceases
    and virus like the
    white spot and the Taurus virus

    Fresh Water farms

    These farms are a recently type of farms introduced in
    our country, it was introduced here because of the different
    virus and affections that sea and estuaries waters brings, most
    of this farms are dedicated to the intensive cultivation, this
    farms gets the water from wells, sometimes this water isn’t
    enough salty so the shrimp can gets some problems and
    deceases.

    Principals kinds of shrimp

    In our country there are several kinds of shrimp but the
    most common of cultivation shrimps are the vannamei and the
    steal

    Vannamei

    It`s common name is white shrimp, scientific name:
    Penaeus Vannamei. The rostrum is armed with dorsal and usually,
    2-4 (occasionally, 5-8) ventral teeth, which are moderately long,
    and in young distinctly surpassing antennular peduncle. They are
    shorter in adults, sometimes reaching only to the midlength of
    second antennular segment. Carapace has pronounced antennal and
    hepatic spines, and lacks orbital and pterygostomian spines. The
    postocular sulcus is absent. The postrostral carina is of
    variable length, sometimes almost reaching posterior margin of
    carapace. Habitat: This marine shrimp likes muddy bottoms at
    depths from the shoreline down to about 72 meters, it grows until
    45 gr

    Steel

    It`s common name is blue shrimp, scientific name:
    Penaeus Stylirostris. It is found in the coast of our country,
    Panama and distributed in the eastern Pacific from Sonora, Mexico
    to Tumbes in northern Peru. It is
    smaller than the vannamei, it grows until 28gr, it can be
    differenced of the vannamei by looking the genitals, the steel
    genitals are more developed than the vannamei

    Methods of shrimp cultivation

    Extensive

    The extensive cultivation is also called open
    cultivation, it`s characterized for the big areas pool used ( 10
    – 25ha), usually aerators are not required, neither
    alimentation nor parameters monitoring aren`t so frequently,
    usually the larva used in this type of cultivation are wild larva
    captured in the sea, the density of the cultivation is 10 larva
    for square meter so the production is a low production: 1000 to
    2000 pounds for hectare.

    Intensive

    The intensive cultivation is the newest method of
    cultivation, usually pools are covered with a plastic cape for
    controlling the water temperature( 30º to 33º), the
    pools are small pools( 1 to 3 ha), aerators are strongly
    required( 6 to 8 for each hectare) and a constantly parameters
    monitoring and feeding is required in periods of 6 hours but it
    can turn to 1 hour periods in extreme situations, the density of
    this cultivation is 100 larva for square meter, so the production
    is very high: 10000 to 15000 pounds for hectare, the larva used
    in this type of cultivation are laboratories larva, the period of
    growing up of the shrimp In this period is 3 to 4 months, the
    optimum weight is 12 to 15gr.

    Policultive

    The policultive can be intensive or extensive, it is
    characterized because the shrimp is sown with another specie of
    animal, usually fishes like the tilapia or the chame. It is a new
    type of cultivation and allows the cultivation of two species of
    animal in the same pools.

    III)Common
    affections and deceases of shrimp

    The shrimp larva is exposed to several problems for
    deceases and affections produced by inappropriate nutrition,
    overpopulation, inadequate use of ambientals parameters, water
    quality and introduction of infected species. Shrimps present the
    following symptoms when they are infected: under nutrition
    affects, lack of food in the digestive tube, wrong swimming,
    misshape bodies and incomplete change of skin.

    Shrimp deceases represents a big complex problem and
    there are only a few specialist in our country for treating this
    kind of shrimp deceases, depending the method of cultivation,
    shrimps cultivated via the intensive cultivation are the most
    propended to get any decease.

    The White Spot

    This is the last decease that affected the Ecuadorian
    shrimp, at first it was discovered in Thailand in 1990, it is
    caused by a virus called Baculovirus. This virus has an
    incubation period of three to five days. Direct transmission is
    thought to occur through several vectors including contaminated
    water, decomposing fecal matter or tissue, cannibalism of dying
    shrimp (in hatcheries), and from fluid from infected females. The
    white spot decease is characterized by the lost of hungry of the
    animal, wrong swimming, lethargy of the shrimp, and the
    appearance of white spots along the body of the infected shrimp,
    in a period of between 3 and 7 days the shrimp can die. This
    virus caused lots of damage of the Ecuadorian shrimp production;
    nowadays there are fewer repercussions than the days when this
    decease appeared in our sea.

    The Taurus syndrome

    It was discovered in 1991 in Ecuador, then between 1994
    and 1995 the virus was expanded along all the regions in America
    disposed to the shrimp cultivation. This decease is caused by a
    virus classified in the family of the Picornaviridae, this
    virus affects to the vannamei and steel kind of shrimp, the virus
    is located in the river Guayas, it can affect to the shrimp from
    the larva state to the adult state, but most of the times it
    affect in the young stage of the shrimp live. Direct transmission
    is occurred via cannibalism of dying shrimp (in hatcheries),
    contaminated water and between father and son. Common symptoms of
    this virus are: lost of hungry of the shrimp, they swim along the
    surface of the pools so they can be ate by any bird, sometimes
    they turn into a red color, they get a
    soft skin and an empty stomach

    Ways of confronting deceases

    Confronting shrimp deceases is very hard, there are some
    process that can be followed for confronting this deceases: for
    this virus there is not treatment for the affected shrimp, it can
    only be prevented following a sanitary prophylaxis: clean and
    disinfections to the reservoirs, pools and canals before
    repopulate them including the elimination of any crustacean
    including shrimps which can be already infected with the virus,
    elimination of any organism in the rechangable waters and
    avoiding the interchange between maintenance equipment( webs,
    boats, buckets, etc) . In case of outbreak: total isolation of
    the infected reservoir, strict control of any
    movement of water or shrimps, even of human movements.
    Destruction of the infected shrimps (incinerating them), minutely
    disinfections and cleaning of the infected pools, this
    disinfections can be done with formalina ( 20ppm), green
    malaquita( 0.01ppm) aureanicina ( 0.01%) and the cleaning of the
    pools and reservoirs with nitric acid ( 10% – 30%). Also is
    strongly recommended to quarantine new species introduced in the
    shrimp pools, for avoid any decease.

    Shrimp exportations

    Ecuador is the first country in exportations of captive
    shrimp with a production of 120000 tons of shrimp, which have
    produced earnings of lots of money only defeated by the
    petroleum. Approximately 120000 hectare of shrimp pools and more
    than 200 laboratories generates work sources for more than 500000
    Ecuadorian people in direct and indirect way. World consume of
    shrimp has been duplicated in the last 20 years and have grew up
    hardly in the U.S.

    IV)Shrimp
    exportations

    The process of exporting our shrimp

    After the whole process of seeding the shrimp into the
    fatten pools, feeding them and taking care of them for 4 to 8
    months the shrimp is ready to be commercialized. This process
    starts with the crop, first the shrimp farmers start drying the
    pools until the deepness of the water turn to 20 – 30cm,
    them they start fishing the shrimp with nets depending on the
    shape of the bottom of the pool there can be several types of
    nets used for fishing the shrimp, the properly size of the shrimp
    for exporting it is ( 26 –30 shrimps for pound) so 15 to 17
    gr for each shrimp. When the crop Is already fished, it Is sent
    to a packager company where the shrimp is cleaned and packaged in
    boxes and frozen, ready to be sold or exported. The mayor
    percentage of the shrimp exported is frozen with shell (shell on)
    , it can be entire( with head) or only tails( pealed and
    cleaned), also PUD shrimp ( pealed but not cleaned) and tail on (
    shrimp with tail) and other presentations, the shrimp is packaged
    in small boxes of 5 lbs each and usually the freight is made by
    sea but sometimes by air. There are also innovating presentations
    like cooked shrimp with and without shell usually sold in
    supermarkets.

    Principal buyers of Ecuadorian shrimp

    The principal buyer of Ecuadorian shrimp Is The United
    States with a 42%, also other important buyers are: Spain,
    France, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, etc.

    V)
    Conclusions

    Ways of getting a better shrimp
    production

    For getting a better and more convenient shrimp
    production this tips should be followed:

    • Improve physic system of the laboratories : filters,
      water distribution, air, heating, reservoirs, cleanness,
      disinfections and a properly stock of materials for an
      efficiently maintenance and reparation
    • Efficiently operation of the maturity
      departments
    • Great stock of seaweeds and NAUPLIOS of great
      quality
    • Alimentation great in lipids and others nutritional
      requirements, naturals as artificial
    • Constantly Studies and analysis bacteriologist and
      pathogenic for preventing y controlling deceases and
      virus
    • Constantly Analysis of water quality
    • Constantly Analysis of larva qualities trough
      biochemist studies
    • The shrimp farm biologist should be updated every day
      with the last information about deceases and news about
      shrimps

    Bibliography

    • Encyclopedia Encarta 2002 ( Microsoft
      corporation)
    • Interview to an expert in the shrimp
      cultivation.
    • almanaque mundial 2001 ( Editorial Televisa,
      año 2001)
    • Manual del Camaron ( Edgar Arellano, Editado por la
      facultad de Ciencias del
      mar de la ESPOL, año 1987)

     

    David Castro Pacheco

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