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Manual de Inglés




Enviado por epaisrael



    1. Verbos Irregulares en
      Inglés
    2. Pronombres
      personales
    3. Preposiciones
      básicas
    4. Tips para
      traducir
    5. Bibliografía

    Verbos Irregulares en Inglés

    INFINITIVO

    (Base Form)

    PASADO

    SIMPLE

    PARTICIPIO

    PASADO

    TRADUCCIÓN

    Arise

    Arose

    Arisen

    Surgir, Levantarse

    Awake

    Awoke

    Awoken

    Despertarse

    Be/ am, are, is

    Was / Were

    Been

    Ser / Estar

    Bear

    Bore

    Borne / Born

    Soportar, dar a luz

    Beat

    Beat

    Beaten

    Golpear

    Become

    Became

    Become

    Llegar a Ser

    Begin

    Began

    Begun

    Empezar

    Bend

    Bent

    Bent

    Doblar

    Bet

    Bet

    Bet

    Apostar

    Bind

    Bound

    Bound

    Atar, encuadernar

    Bid

    Bid

    Bid

    Pujar

    Bite

    Bit

    Bitten

    Morder

    Bleed

    Bled

    Bled

    Sangrar

    Blow

    Blew

    Blown

    Soplar

    Break

    Broke

    Broken

    Romper

    Breed

    Bred

    Bred

    Criar

    Bring

    Brought

    Brought

    Traer Llevar

    Broadcast

    Broadcast

    Broadcast

    Radiar

       

    Build

    Built

    Built

    Edificar

    Burn

    Burnt /Burned

    Burnt / Burned

    Quemar

    Burst

    Burst

    Burst

    Reventar

    Buy

    Bought

    Bought

    Comprar

    Cast

    Cast

    Cast

    Arrojar

    Catch

    Caught

    Caught

    Coger

    Come

    Came

    Come

    Venir

    Cost

    Cost

    Cost

    Costar

    Cut

    Cut

    Cut

    Cortar

    Choose

    Chose

    Chosen

    Elegir

    Cling

    Clung

    Clung

    Agarrarse

    Creep

    Crept

    Crept

    Arrastrarse

    Deal

    Dealt

    Dealt

    Tratar

    Dig

    Dug

    Dug

    Cavar

    Do (Does)

    Did

    Done

    Hacer

    Draw

    Drew

    Drawn

    Dibujar

    Dream

    Dreamt / Dreamed

    Dreamt / Dreamed

    Soñar

    Drink

    Drank

    Drunk

    Beber

    Drive

    Drove

    Driven

    Conducir

    Eat

    Ate

    Eaten

    Comer

    Fall

    Fell

    Fallen

    Caer

    Feed

    Fed

    Fed

    Alimentar

    Feel

    Felt

    Felt

    Sentir

    Fight

    Fought

    Fought

    Luchar

    Find

    Found

    Found

    Encontrar

    Flee

    Fled

    Fled

    Huir

    Fly

    Flew

    Flown

    Volar

    Forbid

    Forbade

    Forbidden

    Prohibir

    Forget

    Forgot

    Forgotten

    Olvidar

    Forgive

    Forgave

    Forgiven

    Perdonar

       

    Freeze

    Froze

    Frozen

    Helar

       

    Get

    Got

    Got / Gotten

    Obtener

    Give

    Gave

    Given

    Dar

    Go (Goes)

    Went

    Gone

    Ir

    Grow

    Grew

    Grown

    Crecer

    Grind

    Ground

    Ground

    Moler

    Hang

    Hung

    Hung

    Colgar

    Have

    Had

    Had

    Haber o Tener

    Hear

    Heard

    Heard

    Oir

    Hide

    Hid

    Hidden

    Ocultar

    Hit

    Hit

    Hit

    Golpear

    Hold

    Held

    Held

    Agarrar Celebrar

    Hurt

    Hurt

    Hurt

    Herir

    Keep

    Kept

    Kept

    Conservar

    Know

    Knew

    Known

    Saber Conocer

    Kneel

    Knelt

    Knelt

    Arrodillarse

    Knit

    Knit

    Knit

    Hacer punto

    Lay

    Laid

    Laid

    Poner

    Lead

    Led

    Led

    Conducir

    Lean

    Leant

    Leant

    Apoyarse

    Leap

    Leapt

    Leapt

    Brincar

    Learn

    Learnt / Learned

    Learnt / Learned

    Aprender

    Leave

    Left

    Left

    Dejar

    Lend

    Lent

    Lent

    Prestar

    Let

    Let

    Let

    Permitir

    Lie

    Lay

    Lain

    Echarse

    Light

    Lit

    Lit

    Encender

    Lose

    Lost

    Lost

    Perder

    Make

    Made

    Made

    Hacer

    Mean

    Meant

    Meant

    Significar

       

    Meet

    Met

    Met

    Encontrar

    Mistake

    Mistook

    Mistaken

    Equivocar

    Overcome

    Overcame

    Overcome

    Vencer

    Pay

    Paid

    Paid

    Pagar

    Put

    Put

    Put

    Poner

    Read

    Read

    Read

    Leer

    Ride

    Rode

    Ridden

    Montar

    Ring

    Rang

    Rung

    Llamar

    Rise

    Rose

    Risen

    Levantarse

    Run

    Ran

    Run

    Correr

    Say

    Said

    Said

    Decir

    See

    Saw

    Seen

    Ver

    Seek

    Sought

    Sought

    Buscar

    Sell

    Sold

    Sold

    Vender

    Send

    Sent

    Sent

    Enviar

    Set

    Set

    Set

    Poner(se)

    Sew

    Sewed

    Sewed / Sewn

    Coser

    Shake

    Shook

    Shaken

    Sacudir

    Shear

    Shore

    Shorn

    Esquilar

    Shine

    Shone

    Shone

    Brillar

    Shoot

    Shot

    Shot

    Disparar

    Show

    Showed

    Shown

    Mostrar

    Shrink

    Shrank

    Shrunk

    Encogerse

    Shut

    Shut

    Shut

    Cerrar

    Sing

    Sang

    Sung

    Cantar

    Sink

    Sank

    Sunk

    Hundir

    Sit

    Sat

    Sat

    Sentarse

    Sleep

    Slept

    Slept

    Dormir

    Slide

    Slid

    Slid

    Resbalar

    Smell

    Smelt

    Smelt

    Oler

    Sow

    Sowed

    Sowed / Sown

    Sembrar

    Speak

    Spoke

    Spoken

    Hablar

    Speed

    Sped

    Sped

    Acelerar

    Spell

    Spelt

    Spelt

    Deletrear

    Spend

    Spent

    Spent

    Gastar

    Spill

    Spilt / Spilled

    Spilt / Spilled

    Derramar

    Spin

    Spun

    Spun

    Hilar

    Spit

    Spat

    Spat

    Escupir

    Split

    Split

    Split

    Hender / partir / rajar

    Spoil

    Spoilt / Spoiled

    Spoilt / Spoiled

    Estropear

    Spread

    Spread

    Spread

    Extender

    Spring

    Sprang

    Sprung

    Saltar

    Stand

    Stood

    Stood

    Estar en pie

    Steal

    Stole

    Stolen

    Robar

    Stick

    Stuck

    Stuck

    Pegar Engomar

    Sting

    Stung

    Stung

    Picar

    Stink

    Stank/Stunk

    Stunk

    Apestar

    Stride

    Strode

    Stridden

    Dar zancadas

    Strike

    Struck

    Struck

    Golpear

    Swear

    Swore

    Sworn

    Jurar

    Sweat

    Sweat

    Sweat

    Sudar

    Sweep

    Swept

    Swept

    Barrer

    Swell

    Swelled

    Swollen

    Hinchar

    Swim

    Swam

    Swum

    Nadar

    Swing

    Swung

    Swung

    Columpiarse

    Take

    Took

    Taken

    Coger

    Teach

    Taught

    Taught

    Enseñar

    Tear

    Tore

    Torn

    Rasgar

    Tell

    Told

    Told

    Decir

    Think

    Thought

    Thought

    Pensar

    Throw

    Threw

    Thrown

    Arrojar Tirar

    Thrust

    Thrust

    Thrust

    Introducir

       

    Tread

    Trod

    Trodden

    Pisar, hollar

       

    Understand

    Understood

    Understood

    Entender

       

    Undergo

    Underwent

    Undergone

    Sufrir

       

    Undertake

    Undertook

    Undertaken

    Emprender

       

    Wake

    Woke

    Woken

    Despertarse

       

    Wear

    Wore

    Worn

    Llevar puesto

       

    Weave

    Wove

    Woven

    Tejer

       

    Weep

    Wept

    Wept

    Llorar

       

    Wet

    Wet

    Wet

    Mojar

       

    Win

    Won

    Won

    Ganar

       

    Wind

    Wound

    Wound

    Enrollar

       

    Withdraw

    Withdrew

    Withdrawn

    Retirarse

       

    Wring

    Wrung

    Wrung

    Torcer

       

    Write

    Wrote

    Written

    Escribir

       

    Gramática

    Presente
    simple
    :

    AFIRMATIVO

    NEGATIVO

    S+V (base form)+C

    S+Aux (do)+Neg+V (base
    form)+C

    I

    You

    We

    They

    eat

    He

    She

    It

    eats

    I

    You

    We

    They

    Do not eat

    He

    She

    It

    Does not eat

    INTERROGACIÓN

    Aux (do)+S+V ( base form
    )+C+?

    Do

    I

    You

    We

    They

    Eat?

    Does

    He

    She

    It

    Eat?

    Excepción en tercera persona se
    añade una -s final. Cuando el verbo termina en -s, -ss,
    -sh, -o, -ch, -x se añade a la tercera persona singular la
    terminación '-es'. Cuando termina en 'y' precedida de
    consonante cambia la 'y' por 'ies'.

    Para la forma negativa e interrogativa se
    recurre al verbo 'to do' que realiza una función
    auxiliar. En la tercera persona la forma 'do' cambia a
    'does'.

    Pasado simple:

    AFIRMATIVO

    NEGATIVO

    S+V (pasado)+C

    S+Aux (did)+Neg+V ( base form
    )+C

    I

    You

    We

    They

    studied

    He

    She

    It

    studied

    I

    You

    We

    They

    did not study

    He

    She

    It

    did not study

    INTERROGACIÓN

    Aux (did)+S+V ( base form
    )+C+?

    Did

    I

    You

    We

    They

    study?

    Did

    He

    She

    It

    study?

    Nota:

    El pasado simple funciona con el auxiliar 'did'
    para todas las personas (incluida la tercera persona singular
    'he/she/it'). En la forma afirmativa, el auxiliar 'did' no
    aparece, empleamos en su lugar la terminación 'ed', esta
    es la forma de pasado para todos los 'Verbos Regulares'. Si
    termina en –d o –t, se le pone –ed como
    sílaba aparte; si termina en cualquier otra consonante, se
    añade también –ed pero sin hacer
    sílaba aparte; si termina en –e, se le pone
    sólo –d; una –y final que sigue a
    cualquier consonante se cambia en – ie más
    d.

    Futuro
    simple
    :

    AFIRMATIVO

    NEGATIVO

    S+Aux (will)+V ( base form
    )+C

    S+Aux (will)+Neg+V ( base form
    )+C

    I

    You

    We

    They

    Will travel

    He

    She

    It

    Will travel

    I

    You

    We

    They

    Will not travel

    He

    She

    It

    Will not travel

    INTERROGACIÓN

    Aux (will)+S+V ( base form
    )+C+?

    Will

    I

    You

    We

    They

    travel?

    Will

    He

    She

    It

    travel?

    Nota:

    Presente
    simple continúo:

    AFIRMATIVO

    NEGATIVO

    S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+V
    (ing)+C

    S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+Neg+V
    (ing)+C

    I am walking

    He

    She

    It

    is walking

    I am not walking

    He

    She

    It

    is not walking

    You

    We

    They

    are walking

    You

    We

    They

    are not walking

    INTERROGACIÓN

    Be (pres. Simpl.)+S+V
    (ing)+C+?

    Am I walking?

    Is

    He

    She

    It

    walking?

    Are

    You

    We

    They

    walking?

    Nota:

    Pasado simple
    continúo
    :

    AFIRMATIVO

    NEGATIVO

    S+ be (pasd. Simpl.)+V
    (ing)+C

    S+ be (pasd. Simpl.)+Neg+V
    (ing)+C

    I was driving

    He

    She

    It

    was driving

    I was not driving

    He

    She

    It

    was not driving

    You

    We

    They

    were driving

    You

    We

    They

    were not driving

    INTERROGACIÓN

    Be (pasd. Simpl.)+S+V
    (ing)+C+?

    Was I driving?

    Was

    He

    She

    It

    driving?

    Were

    You

    We

    They

    driving?

    Nota:

    Futuro simple
    continúo:

    AFIRMATIVO

    NEGATIVO

    S+ Aux(will)+ be(base form)+V
    (ing)+C

    S+ Aux(will)+Neg+be(base form)+V
    (ing)+C

    I will be lending

    He

    She

    It

    Will be lending

    I will not be lending

    He

    She

    It

    will not be lending

    You

    We

    They

    will be lending

    You

    We

    They

    will not be lending

    INTERROGACIÓN

    Aux (will)+S+be (base form)+V
    (ing)+C+?

    Will I be lending?

    Will

    He

    She

    It

    be lending?

    Will

    You

    We

    They

    Be lending?

    Nota:

    Presente
    perfecto
    :

    AFIRMATIVO

    NEGATIVO

    S+ Aux.(have/has)+V
    (P.p)+C

    S+ Aux.(have/has)+Neg+V
    (P.p)+C

    I have bought

    He

    She

    It

    has bought
    (he’s)

    I have not bought

    He

    She

    It

    has not bought
    (hasn’t)

    You

    We

    They

    have bought

    (you’ve)

    You

    We

    They

    have not bought
    (haven’t)

    INTERROGACIÓN

    Aux.(have/has)+S+V
    (P.p)+C+?

    Have I bought?

    Has

    He

    She

    It

    bought?

    Have

    You

    We

    They

    bought?

    Nota:

    El presente perfecto, se forma con
    "to have" a modo de auxiliar y el verbo en participio pasado. En
    la tercera persona se emplea el "has".

    Pasado
    perfecto
    :

    AFIRMATIVO

    NEGATIVO

    S+ Aux.(had)+V (P.p)+C

    S+ Aux.(had)+Neg+V
    (P.p)+C

    I had bought (I’d)

    He

    She

    It

    had bought
    (he’d)

    I had not bought

    He

    She

    It

    had not bought
    (hadn’t)

    You

    We

    They

    had bought

    (you‘d)

    You

    We

    They

    had not bought
    (hadn’t)

    INTERROGACIÓN

    Aux.(had)+S+V
    (P.p)+C+?

    Had I bought?

    Had

    He

    She

    It

    Bought?

    Had

    You

    We

    They

    bought?

    Nota:

    Futuro
    perfecto:

    AFIRMATIVO

    NEGATIVO

    S+ Aux.(will)+(have)+V
    (P.p)+C

    S+ Aux.(will)+Neg+(have)+V
    (P.p)+C

    I will have bought

    He

    She

    It

    will have bought (he’ll
    have)

    I will not have bought

    He

    She

    It

    will not have bought (won’t
    have)

    You

    We

    They

    will have bought

    (you‘ll have)

    You

    We

    They

    will not have bought (won’t
    have)

    INTERROGACIÓN

    Aux.(will)+S+(have)+V
    (P.p)+C+?

    Will I have bought?

    Will

    He

    She

    It

    have bought?

    Will

    You

    We

    They

    have bought?

    Nota:

    Presente
    perfecto continúo
    :

    AFIRMATIVO

    NEGATIVO

    S+
    Aux.(have/has)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

    S+
    Aux.(have/has)+Neg+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

    I have been selling

    He

    She

    It

    has been selling (he’s
    been)

    I have not been
    selling

    He

    She

    It

    have not been selling
    (hasn’t been)

    You

    We

    They

    have been selling

    (you‘ve been)

    You

    We

    They

    have not been selling
    (haven’t been)

    INTERROGACIÓN

    Aux.(have/has)+S+be(P.p)+V(ing)+
    C+?

    Have I been selling?

    Has

    He

    She

    It

    been selling?

    Have

    You

    We

    They

    been selling?

    Nota:

    Pasado perfecto
    continúo
    :

    AFIRMATIVO

    NEGATIVO

    S+
    Aux.(had)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

    S+
    Aux.(had)+Neg+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

    I had been selling

    He

    She

    It

    had been selling (he’d
    been)

    I had not been selling

    He

    She

    It

    had not been selling
    (hadn’t been)

    You

    We

    They

    had been selling

    (you‘d been)

    You

    We

    They

    had not been selling
    (hadn’t been)

    INTERROGACIÓN

    Aux.(had)+S+be(P.p)+V(ing)+
    C+?

    Had I been selling?

    Had

    He

    She

    It

    been selling?

    Had

    You

    We

    They

    been selling?

    Nota:

    Futuro
    perfecto continúo
    :

    AFIRMATIVO

    NEGATIVO

    S+
    Aux.(will)+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

    S+
    Aux.(will)+Neg+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C

    I will have been selling

    He

    She

    It

    will have been selling
    (he’ll have been)

    I will not have been
    selling

    He

    She

    It

    will not have been
    selling

    You

    We

    They

    will have been selling

    (you‘ll have
    been)

    You

    We

    They

    will not have been selling
    (won’t have been)

    INTERROGACIÓN

    Aux.(will)+S+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C+?

    Will I have been
    selling?

    Will

    He

    She

    It

    have been selling?

    Will

    You

    We

    They

    have been selling?

    Nota:

    Pronombres
    personales

    sujeto

    complemento

    Pronombre
    reflexivo

    Pronombre
    reciproco

    Singsingular

    1

    I

    Me

    Myself

    2

    You

    You

    Yourself

    3

    He

    Him

    Himself

    She

    Her

    Herself

    It

    It

    Itself

    P

    1

    We

    Us

    Ourselves

    Each other

    2

    You

    You

    Yourselves

    Each other

    3

    They

    Them

    Themselves

    Each other

    Preposiciones
    básicas

    B.P

    Used

    Example

    at

    • Specific times
    • Definite place
    • Full address
    • Speed
    • Idea of definite time and place

    Exception: at night: use in for the other
    parts of the day.

    • He has class at 8:30.
    • My brother is at school.
    • They live at 2388 Park Road.
    • He was driving at 90 miles per hour.
    • The exercise is at the end of the
      lesson.

    in

    • Inside
    • Cities, boroughs
    • States, countries
    • Parts of countries
    • Continents
    • Parts of the day
    • Months, seasons, years
    • Time (length of time)
    • within
    • We are in the kitchen.
    • The school is in the UCV.
    • How long have you lived in Caracas?
    • I live in the West.
    • We saw many interesting sights in
      Europe.
    • We have class in the morning.
    • Graduation will be in July.
    • You’ll have your exam in seven
      days.
    • I’ll be back in ten minutes.

    on

    • On the surface
    • Streets, avenues
    • Floors
    • Dates
    • Days of the week
    • On a farm, a planet, an island,
      campus
    • Punctuality
    • The book was on the table.
    • Their house is on First Street.
    • My apartment is on the sixth floor.
    • My birthday is on October 22nd.
    • There is no class on Saturday.
    • He works on campus.
    • He’s usually here on time.

    Note: in time for something)

    by

    • Means, by way of (pasando por; por vía
      de; como; por medio de; a modo de)
    • You learn by repeating.
    • You can get there by car.

    of

    • Possessive of things
    • Parts of a whole
    • The leg of the chair was
      broken.
    • I bought a pound of carrots.

    over

    • Exact position (vertical)
    • The light is over jack.
    • The cabinets are over the counter.

    to

    • Destination
    • Leave for
    • Arrive at place
    • Arrive in a city
    • We are going to New York.
    • The plane to Houston left an hour ago.
    • He got to his office at eight.
    • They will arrive in New York tonight.

    above

    • Degree higher than
    • Location higher than
    • The temperature is above
      40.
    • There are cabinets above the sink.

    below

    • To a lower degree
    • Is Caracas above or below sea
      level?

    Tips para traducir

    1. Cuando nos encontramos ante la presencia de palabras
      en el idioma inglés que se asemejan a ciertas palabras
      en el idioma español y poseen el mismo significado,
      estas palabras son llamadas: verdaderas
      cognadas.
    2. Cuando nos encontramos con palabras en el
      inglés que se parecen a ciertas palabras en el
      español, pero que su significado es diferente, estas
      palabras son llamadas: falsas cognadas.
    3. Cuando nos encontramos con varias palabras seguidas
      unas de otras que pueden ser sustantivos, adjetivos o
      adverbios, nos detendremos a leer en el primer
      verbo
      , preposición, conectivo o
      signo de puntuación y procederemos a leer de
      derecha a izquierda sin omitir ninguna palabra. Solo jugaremos
      con los adjetivos o adverbios en el idioma español.
      (Marbella Delgado, 2003)

    Bibliografía

    • ENCICLOPEDIA AUTODIDACTA OCEANO: Lengua y
      humanidades, Volumen 1,
      1989.
    • BIBLIOTECA EL NACIONAL: diccionario de inglés/español,
      TOMO 7, 2001.
    • INGLÉS FÁCIL: Gramática y diccionario de
      modismos.
    • www.mansioningles.com.gramatica.htm
    • www.usingenglish.com
    • Material instructivo del C.V.A.

     

     

    ISRAEL LOPEZ MONTAÑO

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