Estructuras gramaticales del inglés (página 2)

Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, chairwoman of the subcommittee =
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, presidenta del subcomité

-un: not, removal, absence. no, quite,
ausencia

*Uncertain, not sure.

Incierto, no seguro.

*Undo, to reverse (an action); to Cancel or Annul.

Deshaga, para invertir (una acción); Cancelar o Anular.

*Unfold, to open or unwrap (something folded); to reveal.

Despliegue, abrir o desenvolver (algo plegó); para
revelar.

*Unhappy, not happy.

Infeliz.

*Unhealthy, not healthy.

Enfermo, no saludable.

• Suffixes: in grammar, a suffix or ending is an affix
  which is placed at the end of a word. Common
  examples are cased endings, which indicate the grammatical case
  of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the
  conjugation of verb.
• List of suffixes:

-able, ible.

*to drink/drinkable = beber/bebible

*to reason/reasonable = razonar/rasonable

*to enjoy/enjoyable = disfrutar/disfrutable

*to remove/removable = remover/removible

*to believe/believable =
creer/creíble

*to explain/explainable =
explicar/inexplicable

Example:

Reasonable words can stop a fight and bring peace
between people = Palabras razonables pueden detener una lucha
y traer paz entre personas

An American company makes these removable gold teeth =
Una compañía Americana hacen removibles estos
dientes color de
oro

An unexplainable silence will stop conversation = un
inexplicable silencio puede paralizar (la)
conversación

This is a story believable = este es un cuento
creíble

-cal: It transforms nouns into adjectives. Nouns
finished in c only add the one. It means ico, ica Convierte
sustantivos en adjetivos. Sustantivos terminados en c
solamente agrega al. Significa ico, ica

 *alphabet/alphabetical =
alfabeto/alfabético(ica)

*medic/medical = médico/médico (a)

*music/musical = música/músico(a)

*technology/technological =
técnología/tecnológico(a)

*magic/magical = magia/mágico(a)

*ideology/ideological = ideología/ideológico(a)

Example:

Some medical research which could interest = alguna
investigación médica que
podría interesar

I have the musical history of the West = Hoy tengo
la historia musical
del oeste

There are two main chemicals in the body, testosterone
and oestrogen, that make people feel lust = Hay 2 principales
químicos en el cuerpo, testosterona y oestrogen, que hacen
a la gente sentir lujuria

The magical solution = La solución
mágica

-dom: state, condition, occupation. El estado,
condición, ocupación

*Freedom, the condition of being free.

Libertad, la condición de ser libre.

Kingdom, a state ruled by a king.

Reino, un estado gobernado por un rey.

*Officialdom, the occupation of being an official; a group of
offcials.

Burocracia, la ocupación de ser oficial; un grupo de
oficiales.

*Wisdom, the condition of being wise.

Sabiduría, la condición de ser sabio.

-Ful it is added to nouns to form nouns and adjectives.
they meanes ada, ado, ido, oso :

*wonder/wonderful = maravilla/maravilloso

*color/colorful = color/colorido

*spoon/spoonful = cuchara/cucharada

*fright/frightful = miedo/miedoso

*beauti/beautiful = bello/hermoso

*peace/peaceful = paz/pacífico

*Power/Powerful = poder/poderoso

*respect/respectful = respeto/respetuoso

*Mercy/Mercyful = misericordia/misericordioso

*Truth/Truthful = verdad/verdadero

Example:

They are frightful = Ellos estan temerosos

Mexico has many wonderful building = Méjico
tiene mucho edificio maravilloso

We will visit one of the most beautiful cities there =
Nosotros podremos visitar una de las más maravillosas
ciudades aquí

-en: to cause, to be (something) para causar, para
ser (algo)

*Brighten, to make bright.

Aclare, para hacer luminoso.

*Frighten, to produce fright in.

Asuste, para producir miedo.

*Fasten, to make fast or firm; to attach.

Ate, para hacer rápidamente; para atar

*Quicken, to make quick; to speed up.

Vivifique, para hacer rápido; para acelerar

*Strengthen, to make strong.

Fortalezca, para hacer fuerte.

-er: an agent, or one whose work involves action; a
resident. Agente, o uno cuyo trabajo
involucra acción; un residente

Baker, one who bakes.

Panadero, uno que hace pan

New Yorker, a resident of New York City or state.

Neoyorquino, un residente de Ciudad de Nueva York o
Estado.

Player, one who plays (a game); one who acts in a play.

Jugador, uno que juega (un juego); uno
que actúa en una obra

Reporter, one who reports (news)

Reportero, uno que informa (noticias)

Singer, one who sings.

Cantante, uno que canta.

-Ly: This suffix allows transform a qualifying
adjective or a noun in an adverb, adding the meaning mentions.
The adjectives finished in him simply change the and for and;
those finished in ly, convert the and in i and he/she is added
ly; to those finished in ue they change the and in ly; to those
finished in ll they only add and; those finished in ue change the
and for ly.

*bad/badly = malo/malamente

*open/openly = abierto/abiertamente

*clear/clearly = claro, claramente

*cold/coldly = frío/friamente

*violent/violently = violento/violentamente

*slow/slowly = lento/lentamente

*quick/kuickly = rápido/rapidamente

*deep/deeply = profundo/profundamente

*free/freely = libre/libremente

*wise/wisely = sabio/sabiamente

*sure/surely = seguro/seguramente

*lone/lonely = sólo/solitario o solamente

*private/privately = privado, privadamente

*intelligent/intelligently =
inteligente/inteligentemente

*possible/possibly = posible/posiblemente

*probable/probably = probable/probablemente

*simple/simply = simple/simplemente

*terrible/terribly = terrible/terriblemente

*normal/normally = normal/normalmente

*eternal/eternally = eterno/eternamente

*heavy/heavily = pesado/pesadamente

*easy/easily = fácil/fácilmente

*happy/happily = alegre/alegremente

*merry/merrily = alegre/alegremente

*funny/funnily = cómico/cómicamente

*true/truly = verdadero/verdaderamente

Example:

Easily lose weight = fácilmente pierda
peso

Currently single? = regularmente solo?

This afected Alexander Fleming greatly = Esto
afectó grandemente a Alexander Fleming

They know how to act nicely = Ellos saben como
actuar simpáticamente

-Ness we transform qualifying adjectives into nouns.
But if the adjective finishes in and this is changed by the i
before being added the suffix. It means you give, eza.

*Sick/sickness = enfermo/enfermedad

*Dark/darkness = oscuro/oscuridad

*sad/sadness = triste/tristeza

*Happy/happiness= feliz/felicidad

*great/greatness = gran/grandeza

*Ill/ilness = enfermo/enfermedad

*Same/sameness = igual/igualdad

*Lone/loneness = sólo/soledad

*Polite/politeness = cortés/cortesía

*Blind/blindness = ciego/ceguera

Examples:

It is common for people to express both joy and sadness
= Es común para la gente expresar ambos alegría
y tristeza.

People who want real happiness must first be sad =
(La) gente quien quiere felicidad real debe primero estar
triste.

Children need to learn how to prevent illness =
(Los) niños
necesitan aprender a prevenir (la) enfermedad.

The greatness of God = La grandeza de Dios.

Sarajevo residents reacted with sadness to the news of
Alija Izetbegovic's death = residentes (de) Sarajevo
reaccionaron con tristeza a las noticias de la muerte de
Alija Izetbegovic.

She is in the middle of the darkness = ella esta en
medio de la oscuridad.

The people said that Celestine's sickness was caused by
his bad ways = Las personas dijeron que la enfermedad de
Celestina es causada por sus malas maneras.

-Tion: it means cion, or, it allows to transform verbs
in nouns, chord to the following guide: Verbs finished in the
consonant t, simply add ion; the finished verbs tie, ute,
eliminates the and and they add ion; the verbs finished in the
vowel and that it is not ate/ute part, they change the and for to
and they are added tion.

 *to educate/education =
educar/educación

*to pollute/pollution = contaminar/contaminacion

*to direct/direction = dirigir/dirección

*to invent/invention = inventar/invención

*to present/presentation =
presentar/presentación

*to react/reaction = reaccionar/reacción

*to attract/attraction = atraer/atracción

*to act/action = actuar/acción

*to imagine/imagination =
imaginar/imaginación

*to operate/operation = funcionar/funcionamiento

*to organize/organization = organizar/ organizacion

*to situate/situation = situar/situación

*to distribute/distribution =
distribuir/distribución

*to determine/Determination =
determinar/determinacion

*to observe/observation =
observar/observación

Examples:

There is a problem with pollution = hay un problema
con (la) contaminación

There is an organization called UNESCO, but more than
one hundred and twenty million children still do not have the
chance at a

good education : ¿ Why ? = Hay una organización llamada UNESCO, pero
más de 120 millones de niños todavia no tienen la
oportunidad a una buena educación : Por
qué?

All talk about determination = todos hablan acerca
de la determinación

U.S. has always sought the participation of the
international community in Iraq =
Estados Unidos siempre tienen que buscar la
participación de la comunidad
internacional en Iraq

The people of China mark the
end of their New Year with another celebration the lantern
festival = Las personas de China marcan el fin de su Nuevo
año con otra celebración la fiesta de la
linterna

 -y: it is used in English with 3 purposes: It is
added to nouns to transform them into adjectives and to express
likeness or to indicate abundance. And in case a noun concludes
in and it converts the and simply in and. it Means ado, bear and
it rarely means able; Used to obtain the diminutive, for the
effect if it concludes in consonant this he/she repeats. it means
ito, ita.

*water/watery = agua/acuoso

*anger/angry = enojo/enojado

*noise/noisy = ruido/ruidoso

*hair/hairy = pelo/peludo

*silk/silky = seda/sedoso

*milk/milky = leche/lechoso

*rain/rainy = lluvia/lluvioso

*rock/rocky
= roca/rocoso

*health/healty = salud/saludable

*dad/daddy = papá/papito

*mom/mommy = mamá/mamita

*Joe/Joey = Pepe/Pepito

*John/Johnny = Juan/Juanito

*Rose/Rosey = Rosa/Rosita

*horse/horsey = caballo/caballito

*dog/doggy = perro/perrito

 Examples:

The weather is rainy = El estado del tiempo
está lluvioso

A healthy person is a happy person = Una persona saludable
es una persona feliz

-Th: agregado a números cardinales nos permite
obtener números ordinales. Y agregado a verbos le imprime
un sentido potivo.

*five/fifth = cinco/quinto

*ten/tenth = diez/décimo

*seven/seventh = siete/séptimo

*eleventh/eleventh= once/undécimo

*sixteen/sixteenth = diez y seis/dicimo sexto

*million/millionth = millon/millonésima

Examples:

I'm the seventh and you the tenth = Yo soy el
séptimo y tú el décimo

Nineteenth-century writer Jane Austen is one of the
best-known writers in the English-speaking world = Jane
Austenis escritor del siglo XIX es uno de los escritores mejores
conocidos en el mundo de habla inglesa

He received the two hundred and fifty millionth dose =
El recibió la doscientos cincuenta millonésima
dosis

Mrs Kamato Hongo celebrated her one hundred and
sixteenth birthday in September, two thousand and three =
La señora Kamato Hongo celebró su ciento
décimosexto cumpleaños en septiembre de
2003

 -ish: he/she is added to nouns to form adjectival
and this way to indicate likeness or attenuation. If the noun
finishes in and it changes the and for i and he/she is added sh.
If the noun concludes in and it conserved it and he/she is added
ish. If the noun finishes in consonant he/she is simply added ish
to obtain the adjective

*woman/womanish = mujer/como mujer,
mujeril

*boy/boyish = niño/como niño

*white/whitish = blanco/blancuzco

*monk/monkish = monje/monacal, frailesco

*spain/spanish = España/español

Examples:

The British system = El sistema
Británico

PART II

QUALIFYING
ADJECTIVES

Qualifying Adjectives: They are words that accompany to
the name to qualify him somehow. In English, the adjectives go
before the name to which you/they accompany.

Examples:

Mary is a good girl

Mary es una buena chica.
A dog is a lovely animal

Un perro es un animal encantador

This car is new/this is a new car. Este carro
es nuevo
This is a good boy. Este es un buen
muchacho.
A big tree. Un árbol grande.
It is a red book.
Es un libro
rojo.

List a Qualifying Adjectives:

Adjectives Comparativos Y Superlativos

When one makes reference to the comparative and
superlative, we are necessarily making reference to the 3 degrees
that have the adjectives: The positive one, the comparative one
and the superlative. The positive degree is the adjective in its
simple, basic, normal form: Tall = high, small = small, nice =
pretty, big = big; the comparative degree is the one that
establishes the relationship or comparison between two things and
the superlative degree denotes the highest degree in a
quality.

The comparative ones and the superlatives allow to
establish relationships (more big, same, smaller) among the
objects (sustantivos/nombres), standing out
propiedades/cualidades, expressed by means of adjectives and
adverbs:

Establishing differences of longitude among the
adjectives (short and long) to use, it is of a lot of utility to
achieve the good construction of the comparative ones and
superlatives:

1. – short Adjectives: They are those compounds
   for an or two syllables:

   fat = gordo(a)

   tall = alto(a)

   short = corto(a), baja(o)

 B.- Long adjectives, also called
polysyllabic, they are those compound adjectives for more than
two syllables:

Large: largo,

beautiful = bello(a)

 intelligent = inteligente

Comparative

The comparative ones compare people, animals or
things:

Vicent Fox is shop than George Bush = Vicente Fox is
higher than George Bush

The difference among comparative and superlatives rest
in that while in the comparative of the adjective he/she settles
down the relationship or comparison between two things, in the
superlative the adjective this preceded of the article the (the =
el/la/los/las), expressing the maximum degree of an adjective and
in that translates you for the more ones.

Types Of Comparative AND Superlatives:

It is necessary to distinguish adjectives of those which
their comparative ones and superlatives are formed in a regular
way (the overwhelming majority) and in an irregular way (some how
many).

" Irregular

" Regular

a. -comparative and Irregular
Superlatives:

b. -comparative and Regular
Superlatives:

Those formed chord to some established rules for their 3
defined types.

Types Of Comparative Regular:

" Of Superiority

" Of Equality

" Of Inferiority

1. Comparative Of Superiority:

To they are formed adding er to the short adjectives
finished in consonant:

Saddam Hussein is fat = Saddam Hussein is fat

Saddam Hussein is fatter than Tony Blair = Saddam
Hussein es más gordo que Tony Blair

The adjectives finished in AND to make the comparative
of superiority this it converts the AND in I and ER adds
(early/earlier); to the adjectives finished in and he/she is
added single r (nice/nicer); to the adjectives finished in the
consonants g, t, d preceded by vowel, is added g + er
(big/bigger) but not in those finished in consonant accompanied
by another consonant (young/younger, long/longer).

b) AND in the long adjectives they are prefixed the
adverb it lives and the adjectival than = more than:

George Bush and Kofi Annan plows intelligent = George
Bush and Kofi Annan are intelligent

George Bush and Kofi Annan plows intelligent than Saddam
Hussein it lives = George Bush y Kofi Annan son más
inteligentes que Saddam Hussein

2. – Comparative Of Equality:

In sentences afirmatias he/she is formed prefixing the
word ace before and after the adjective. ACE …AS translates SO
…COMO; In negative sentences he/she is formed with not ace…
ace or not so… ace:

This snake is ace dangerous ace that tiger = This snake
is as dangerous as that tiger

3. – Comparative Of Inferiority:

He/she is formed placing the adjective amid less and
than:

cocaine, opium and cannabis plows less harmful than
tobacco = = (La) cocaína,
(el) opio y (la) canabis son menos dañina que (el)
tabaco

Regular superlatives:

Types:

" Of Superiority

" Of Inferiority

Superlative Of Superiority:

to) he/she is formed adding him est to the short
adjectives when they finish in consonant. Because when the
adjectives finish in the consonant g he/she is added gest, when
they finish in d he/she is added dest, and when they finish in
the consonant t he/she is added test, and when
they finish in and this he/she becomes i and he/she is added est
(busy–> the busiest):

Where's the nearest post office? =
Dónde está la oficina postal
más

Nick is the shortest = Nick es el mas corto

b) In the long adjectives, the superlatives of
superiority are formed prefixing the word the most (the most =
El/la more) to the adjective:

Eva is the most beatiful = Eva is the most
beautiful

Superlative Of Inferiority:

He/she is formed prefixing the word the least (the least
= less el/la) to the adjective:

You plows the least fat = Ud es la menos gorda
finidos.

PART III

COGNATES AND
FALSE COGNATES

Cognates: in linguistics are words that have a
common origin. They may occur within a language, such as shirt
and skirt as two English words descended from the
Proto-Indo-European word *sker-, meaning "to cut". They
may also occur across languages, e.g. night and German
Nacht as descendants of Proto-Indo-European *nokt-,
"night".

List of cognates:

False Cognates: are words that are commonly
thought to be related (have a common origin) whereas linguistic
examination reveals they are unrelated. Thus, for example, on the
basis of superficial similarities one might suppose that the
latin verb habere and German haben, both meaning "to have", are
cognate.

List of False Cognates:

PART IV

VERB TWO
WORDS

The verbs of two words, are words that are made
up of an action + a preposition and they can have one or more
meanings.

There are them of two classes:

The detachable ones and the inseparable ones.

1) The detachable: they are those that a
person of the predicate can be put (object pronoun), amid the
action and the preposition.

Example:

Call up =
telefonear.          

Call them up = telefonéales.

Call off = cancelar,
suspender.       

Call it off = cancélalo.

Fill out =
llenar.      
Fill the application out = llena la solicitud.
Fill (someone) in on = poner a alguien al corriente de.
Fill me in on what you are doing = ponme al corriente de lo que
tu estas haciendo.

Give up = abandonar, cesar, rendirse, darse por
vencido.
If you find a job, you mustnot give up working soon.

Leave out = excluir, omitir.
Look up = buscar (algo en un escrito, diccionario o
libro).
Pick out = escoger, seleccionar.
Put on = vestirse o encender algo.
Pick up = recoger, levantar.
Put out = poner afuera o apagar (un fuego).
Turn on = poner algo en operación, prender (luces o
motor).
Turn off = apagar (un motor o luces).
Turn down = rechazar, reducir.
Turn out = apagar (luz, fuego o
gas).
Turn out to be = resultar ser.
Turn over = voltear (un objeto o persona).
Turn around = voltear (de rotar la cabeza, objeto, etc).
Try on = probar (la ropa, idea, etc..)
Cheer up = animarse, ponerse alegre.
Hand over = entregar, ceder algo a alguien.
Hand in = entregar (papeles).
Do over = repetir, hacerlo otra vez.
Give out = distribuir.
Give back = regresar, darle de regreso algo a alguien.
Keep up = mantener, continuar haciendo algo.
Look over = examinar o mirar por encima.
Make up = inventar, reconciliar.
Put off = posponer.
Figure out = entender, calcular, resolver mentalmente.
Talk over = discutir.
Bring back = traer algo de vuelta.
Head for = dirigirse hacia.
Give away = regalar.
Take over = tomar posesión de, conquistar, dominar.
Take after = parecerse a.
Take away = quitar, remover, llevarse.
Take down = note down = tomar nota, anotar.
Cut down = reducir.
Think over = considerar (algo).
Hold on = demorar, aguantar (un peso, situación,
etc…).
Take up = usar, ocupar.
Show off = presumir.
Show up = resaltar, aparecer.
Come across = tropezar con, encontrarse con.
Blow out = extinguir, descontar.
The inseparable: they are those that the action and the
preposition meetings always go and they cannot separate, that is
to say, the object pronoun always puts on after the
preposition.
Example

Run out of = quedarse sin, extinguirse, acabarse.
My car run out of gas = mi carro se quedo sin gasolina = my car
run out of it.

Look for = buscar.
I was looking for you all over the place = yo estuve
buscándote por todo el lugar.

Call on = visitar, llamar.
Come back = venir de regreso.
Go back = ir de regreso.
Go on = continuar, pasar.
Look around = mirar alrededor.
Go over = checar, ir por.
Look out! = ten cuidado!.
Make sure of = verificar, asegurarse de.
Fight over = competir.
Dig up = desenterrar.
Get alone with = llevarse bien con.
Find out = investigar, encontrar, hallar.
Pay off = pagar de vuelta, dar resultado.
To carry out = cumplir, llevar a cabo (con un plan,
ordenes).
Take off = despegar, desvestirse.
Fall down = caerse, derrumbarse.
Fall off = caerse (de una superficie superior, a otra
inferior).
Blow out = extinguir, apagar (luz o fuego).
Roll up = enrollar.
Go into = ir dentro de, ir a.
Show up = aparecer.
Get on = subirse, montarse (a un camión, caballo, bicy,
moto).
Get off = bajarse.
Get in = meterse (en un carro, casa, etc).
Get out of = salirse de.
Run over = atropellar.
Run away = huir.
Set up = establecer, fijar, arreglar, preparar.

PART V

GERUND

Gerund: in English the gerund is identical in
form to the present participle (ending in- ing) and can be have
as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified by an
adverb or have an object), but the clause as a whole (sometimes
consisting only of one word, the gerund) acts as a noun within
the larger sentence.

Function of the gerund:

As complement of the verb.

* when to a verb a preposition comes in an immediate way
the gerund form it is used.

*Se uses to obtain the progressive signature of the
verbs.

* Como fellow in an impression

Reading English is but easy that to speak to
it.

Leer ingles es más fácil que
hablarlo.

* in some prohibition expressions

No Smoking: Prohibido Fumar.

* Se uses to obtain the progressive signature of the
verbs

I am Reading a book: Estoy leyendo un Libro.

* when to a verb a preposition comes in an immediate way
the gerund form it is used.

-after swimming T felt cold: después de nadar me
sentí resfriado.

-they had difficulty in finding a parking place.
Tuvieron dificultad para encontrar una plaza de
aparcamiento.

*As complement of the verb.

-His Hobby is painting. Su Hobby es la pintura.

*Se frequently uses after the verbs to go and to me"*Se
it frequently uses

-Come mailing with us next Saturday: Ven a navegar con
nosotros el proximo sabado.

As general rule, to form the gerund we have to
add the suffix -ing to the form it bases of the infinitive (it
forms infinitiva without to).

to lists (to listen) -> listening
(listening)

to hear (to listen) -> hearing (listening)

Starting from this general rule, they exist a series of
variations; they are few, but they are necessary to learn them.
When the word ends up in an and where it precedes him a
consonant, it is necessary to substitute that and for
ing.

to eats (venir) -> coming (viniendo)

to write (escribir) -> writing
(escribiendo)

If the verb that we want to pass to the gerund has a
single syllable, with an only vowel and it also concludes in a
single consonant; he/she has to bend the final
consonant.

to cut (cortar) -> cutting (cortando)

to sit (sentarse) -> sitting (sentandoce)

A similar rule exists to the previous one; and it is
that if the verb has more than a syllable and the accent relapses
on the last one, we have to bend the last consonant when we have
a single vowel and only consonant in the last
syllable.

to admit (admitir) -> admitting
(admitiendo)

to begin (empezar) -> beginning
(empezando)

Lastly, if the verb finishes for l, and he/she goes
behind an only vowel; this l has to bend.

to cancel (cancelar) -> cancelling
(admitting)

to impel (impulsar) -> impelling
(impulsando)

Autor:

Franchesco