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Returns after more control of viral disease or white ribbon yellow ribbon rice



  1. Summary
  2. Introduction
  3. Methodology
  4. Results and discussion
  5. Conclusion
  6. Recommendations
  7. Bibliography

SUMMARY

This research was conducted at four different sites and
100 km distant from each, within the lower Guayas Basin. As
treatment factors are applied, potassium silicate (Agrisil) +
Peptides + marine + Minerals Synthetic Peptides plant (full). The
application was leaf. We worked with the rice variety INIAP-415,
recycled several times. Past Performance varied from 39, 50 to 70
sacks of rice / ha. Following treatments were harvested 70, 79
and 118.5 sacks of rice per hectare (out of 200 lb). The
sinergizacion between treatment factors listed contributed to
obtain a discovery or accidental result that is blocking or
masking tape virus yellow rice or white ribbon, that after the
first application made within 20 days after sowing stop the viral
development and allowed the development of plant to obtain the
yields recorded.

INTRODUCTION.

In Ecuador, rice is the staple food for most
Ecuadorians, representing 6.6% of importance in relation to total
food expenditure. One of the representative crops for farm
incomes in the provinces of Guayas and Los Rios, contributing to
94% of national production (Peñaranda RH, 1999.

Problems. Currently, there are several problems
in rice cultivation, including lack of new varieties suitable for
each area, the pest snail and the viral disease known as white or
yellow ribbon tape. In the second case, after transplanting the
rice plants at night to graze the snail leaves and sometimes buds
or leaves the snail. To control the snail has experienced banned
insecticides which are suffering the consequences today, the
death of untold diversity of birds, fish, reptiles, and without
calculating soil biodiversity, environmental impacts and human
health.

In the case of white or yellow ribbon tape is a viral
disease that affects 40 to 60% yields of rice (Julio
Carchi, 2011, The Telegraph Journal. Ecuador).

Accidental discovery. Initially, the intention of
the present investigation was designed to increase yields based
nurtigenomica sciences, that is with the use of potassium
silicate – AGRISIL – more marine peptides, peptides vegetable and
mineral, but with the passing of the first application showed an
accidental discovery, this is the control of viral disease
of the white ribbon or yellow

tape. This is the reason why in the
variables studied did not include the analysis and control of
white ribbon. However, within this experience nutritional shares
the results with the community of farmers, technicians and
scientists.

Transmission of the virus. The transmission of
viral disease that causes white stripe or band, or stripe or
yellow ribbon in rice is attributed to Sogatodes
orizicola
insect (planthopper). Both female and male of this
species can transmit the virus, it was found that only 7 to 12%
of all insects of this species are capable of transmitting the
remainder produces mechanical damage on the leaves, but not
inoculated virus (RH Penaranda, 1999).

Virulence. The insect can maintain its virulence
to death (about a month). The state of virulence or transmission
capacity of virulent insects can be 8 to 14 days. There is
evidence that the virus can be transmitted from generation to
generation, which are descendants virulent (RH Penaranda,
1999).

Damage of the virus. In the plant damage was
manifested in reduced tillering and height of the blade. When the
vector insect attack is severe, there is production of sooty
mold, drying down of the leaf, which is more evident the younger
the plant.

Nutrition research. Initially gave much
importance to plant nutrition with nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium, then foliar nutrition and micronutrients, under this
system we have held five decades. New research shows the
incalculable value of the peptides used in synergy with potassium
silicate more conventional fertilizers achieving high yields in
all crops. In practice this is what I wanted the
farmer.

Nutrigenomics is the science that studies the
interactions of gene-nutrient. Nutrigenomics prevents, delays or
masks the onset of diseases associated with the interplay between
genes and nutrition. One of the founders and considered the
father of nutrigenomics to humans is Dr. Jose Maria Ordovas,
while R. Horna Zapata, directs its work towards aquaculture and
agriculture.

Composition and Function of Peptides. Peptides
are compounds of amino acids (AAs) and protein-based Carbon,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Oxygen. Peptides are rapidly absorbed
and metabolized by plants. Within the plant is capable of forming
new peptide chains, this time of antigenic character, ie
protective immune system of the plant. This is one of the keys of
nutrigenomics.

The plant without distinguishing whether the peptides
are of animal or vegetable origin (marine or terrestrial) are
absorbed immediately, your genetic memory peptides recognized as
universal, and this is sufficient (Horna, 2011). Crops and fruits
treated with peptides can be harvested and even immediately after
treatment.

Because applying silicon in rice. Very simple,
rice accumulates up to 10% Si, the same crop absorbs different
amounts of silicon over the entire period of growth and
development (Photo 1).

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Photo 1. – There is good development of tillering in
rice variety NIAP-415 (recycled seed for ten times), counted 49
tillers, with 77 pins, and pin 237 highly crystalline grains of
rice. Churute Naranjal, November – 2011.

Fertilization with silicon. According Filgueiras
O. (2007) found that fertilization with silicon can increase the
resistance or tolerance to several fungal diseases and other
pests. In the case of rice, have been shown to form complexes
with organic compounds in the walls of the epidermal cells and
achieve increased resistance to degradation of the enzymes that
release fungi (SEPHU, 2009). The greater absorption of this
mineral provides mechanical protection to the epidermis of the
plant being able to reduce infection by pathogens and increase
tolerance to drought and cold. Among the benefits of silicon is
to elevate the proportion of calcium and magnesium.

Role and benefits of silicon in rice cultivation.
Malidarh Ghanbari, A. Kashani, Nourmohammadi G.; Mobasser H,
Alavi V. and A. Fallah (2008) and A. Fallah (2008) found that
absorption of Si is better than the absorption of nitrogen (N) in
the rice plant and the Si is more efficient than when deposited
on the N roots which form a silicon gel and this is why the
stiffness of the rice stalks, besides the Si is deposited on the
leaves being the ratio of the leaf ergidez as hardness of the
panicles and rice grains. The results showed that Si at
concentrations of between 3 and 5% may be the minimum level
necessary for tissue resist disease and improve rice yields.
Silicon deficiency produces plants with weak cell structure and
very brittle or very prone to lodging.

On the efficiency of disease control is corroborated by
Rodriguez, F.; Dallagnol L., Resende, R. and J. Ma (2008) in
other crops such as soybeans in Brazil, who observed that
applying potassium silicate marketed as an alternative strategy
for control of soybean rust, a fact confirmed by Horna Z. (2011).
Another experiment conducted in Iran, scientists Mobasser H.;
Malidarh A. Ghanbari and Sedghi H. (2008) showed that silicon
application decreases the number of days for the first stage of
tillering, flowering (50%), panicle initiation stage and grain
filling.

Implications of silicon in plant physiology
(SEPHU, 2009). T Silicon, under stress of the plant, this is
deposited in the cell walls of xylem vessels and prevent being
compressed under high transpiration caused by drought to heat
stress. Silicon membrane-Cellulose in epidermal tissue of the
leaves also protects the plant tissues against excessive loss of
water by transpiration due to a reduction in the stomatal pore
diameter. On the physiology of plants, the silicon acts as
protector and regulator of photosynthesis and other enzymatic
activities (SEPHU, 2009.)

The key. Then, as the plant through the
photosynthetic process absorbs CO 2
(carbon dioxide) is improved when applied obstenciblemente
SiO 4 H 4
(orthosilicic acid) allowing induce chlorophyll per unit
leaf area and produce more enzymes ribulose bisphosphate
carboxylase (RUBISCO) enzyme that captures CO
2, improving the utilization of solar
energy. Here is the key to the efficiency of Si
(Quero, 2008; Matichenkov, 2008 and SEPHU,
2009).

Society calcium – silicon. Silicic acid formed as
potassium silicate captures and regulates the balance of minerals
in plants. Thus, calcium and silicon are essential and
inseparable part of the cellular structure and metabolic function
of plants. Calcium hardness improvement or given to the cell
membrane while the potassium silicate contributes to cell turgor,
the more flavor in the fruit, more strength and weight in
grasses. As a result, silicon strengthens the entire vascular
system of plants, so they can raise more water and that water is
the calcium to help strengthen the silicon cells.

Because applying Potassium: potassium Because
increases resistance to lodging, disease and unfavorable weather
conditions. Potassium uptake during the growing cycle proceeds
similarly to that of silicon and nitrogen. Therefore, by acting
together potassium silicate (Agrisil) + peptides
vegetables
(Biol) + marine peptides (Blue Wave)
initiate a path aggressive in the metabolism of plant tissues, in
this case the biochemical reactions where each is identified to
strengthen, to induce or stimulate the immunoregulatory system of
each organ in this way have a plant more tolerant to
environmental and bacterial and viral infections.

In summary, both peptides as silicon are
amphoteric, ie which can act both in acidic, neutral and
alkaline. Whose stability allows them to form various compounds
or protein chains or silicates, respectively. Then we have two
key elements to strengthen the immunoregulatory
system.

III.
METHODOLOGY.

Location of the trial. Simultaneously performed
four trials, one in the area Churute sole purpose of this
article, another in the Community The Negritos belonging to San
Juan de Vinces, the next American Plan, site Cañitas and
fourth in the Unidos Venceremos Yaguachi community. The
irrigation system used was flooding. The physical characteristics
of soil are clay loam are soil level. We worked during the months
of August through December 2011.

Experimental treatments. The treatments were
five, each treating a hectare with four replications, applied in
these areas.

Treatment

I. Witness farmer

II. (A) 1.5 potassium silicate Kl
(Agrisil)

III. Potassium Silicate 1.5 kl + (B) 1
Peptides vegetable kl (Biol)

IV. Potassium Silicate 1.5 kl + kl
Peptides plant 1 (Biol) + (c) 0.5 marine peptides kl
(Blue Wave)

V. Potassium silicate 1.5 0.5 kl + kl +
Peptides Peptides marine plant 1 kl (Biol) + (C) 0.5 synthetic
minerals kl

IV. RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION

Plant height. When comparing the average height
with the Witness farmer shows that there is 6.5 cm taller for T4
and T5 to 9.6 cm. The treatments did not significantly influence
the height of the rice plant, Variety INIAP-415, as is typical of
plant genetics.

Number, tillers, spikes and grains per plant.
These data were taken at 70 days after sowing. Comparing with the
data of Witness shows that in the T4 and T5 high statistical
significance occurs, with the T5 with largest increase in the
number of tillers, spikes and grains per plant, which explains
that the factors of treatment (T5 = A + B + C + D)
influence these variables and was the decisive factor for
increasing production (Figure 2).

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Photo 2. Were seeded rice variety INIAP-415,
non-certified seed, recycled or replanted by ten times. Churute
Naranjal, October 28-2011.

Effect of potassium silicate in leaf structure.
At 15 days of applied potassium silicate (Agrisil) reveals
thicker leaves, straighter, more chlorophyll and trichomes. To
test the effect stressful and vitality of the leaf by the action
of sunlight, cut the stem of leaves with and without treatment
with silicon, it was found that those treated with abarquillan If
not easily do so after a minute, not with the untreated leaf
curls this is almost instantly (Fig. 3, 3a).

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Figure 3 and 3a. – Figure 3. – Is seen that treatment
with potassium silicate (Agrisil) + marine peptides are
completely healthy plants. In the photo 3a, without potassium
silicate abarquillan leaves easily. Site Cañitas, American
Plan, Lomas de SARGENTILLO. Ecuador, 2011.

Symptoms and viral damage. Symptoms of White
Ribbon rice are not severe for Churute area, but it is for other
areas, the most critical area American Plan, which is
described.

At 15 days of transplanted rice showed the first signs
of attack Sogatodes orizicola (leafhoppers), presents
small whitish-yellow spots (Figure 4) with stripes distributed
along the midrib of young leaves. Sometimes it has small
chlorotic lines at the edges of the leaf blade. All new leaves
show the symptoms of the disease. Viral infection is initiated
from the apex of the blade towards the base of the stem, in this
case the sheet is considered clinically dead. But if new symptoms
appear at the apex of the leaves is possible to
recover.

Diseased plants with symptoms 10% of diseased leaves and
within these if the level of leaf damage ranges from 50%, plants
treated with potassium silicate + marine peptides showed full
recovery and then large tolerance to viral disease , but not
those with advanced symptoms more than 25% damage.

Severely infected plants have small ears (Photo 5),
discolored, and when in formation of these grains also leave
discolored and stained amarrillas almost empty. Grains that do
form are poorly trained and lacking in the ears. This is one
reason why it is harvested within 40 bags / ha.

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Photo 4 and 5. – A diseased plant with more than 25 to
40% damage level (Figure 4) has small ears

(Figure 5). Site Cañitas. American Plan. Lomas
de Sargentillo, Ecuador. 2011.

Yield per hectare. In T1 (control) was harvested
70 bags, each bag of 200 pounds of rice husk. The T2, T3, T4 and
T5 have a highly significant increase: 23.5, 26.8,
36.53 and 48.31 bags of rice in husk of 200 pounds
(average) with respect to Witness, respectively.
This explains why the production is related to the higher number
of tillers, spikes and grains (Figure 1).

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Figure 1. – There is a difference in the number of bags
of rice per hectare per treatment than the control farmers,
highlights the T4 and T5. Churute Naranjal, 2011.

Economic analysis of technology vs control.
Treatments are highly significant T2, T3, T4 and T5, stands the
last two where there is a 52.20 percentage increase of 69.02%,
respectively (Figure 2).

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Figure 2. – The profitability of the combined factors (A
+ B +) and (A + B + C + D) are highly
significant.

Summary of yield per area. Figure 3 summary
record the yields obtained by test area, in all these areas are
applied the same experimental design and see different responses.
Only in the area of Community Yaguachi Negritos could not
overcome the 70 sacks of rice / ha for the crop suffered twice
the snails attack and increased salinity higher than 7 ppt, so
people stay was reduced to 75 %. The difference in yields also
depends on how timely is the soil fertilization.

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Figure 3. – Summary of performance as the test
area. Results with treatment 5 (potassium
silicate) 1.5 0.5 kl + kl + Peptides Peptides sea
vegetables 1 kl (Biol) + (C) Synthetic Minerals 0.5 kl
can see that if exceed 60 sacks of rice / ha).

V.
CONCLUSION

1. It was found that the synergistic action of potassium
silicate – AGRISIL – with vegetable and marine peptides more
synthetic minerals contributed to strengthen the tissues of rice
plants increases the root system, tillering increase, increase
the number of spikes and rice grains, we observed that the
application of potassium silicate – AGRISIL – rice grains gained
more weight and this helped increase yield 36.36%.
Treatments are more profitable Q4 = 106.53 bags / ha = $ 2,235.88
and T5 = 118.31 bags / ha = $ $ 2,624.00 net profit / ha. Churute
Naranjal, 2011. Hypothesis is accepted Malidarh Ghanbari,
Mobasser AH Alavi, V. (2008).

2. As in the present trial (Churute), was found in other
trials of rice, as the Communities The Negritos in San Juan de
Vinces; Unidos Venceremos Yaguachi and American Plan area, Lomas
de Sargentillo Canton, where the viral disease white ribbon or
tape yellow affects from the first 15 days after germination,
but, applying potassium silicate – AGRISIL – in synergy with the
peptides and minerals was observed that the viral disease is
masked or blocked, so the plant could fulfill physiological
functions like any healthy plant. Finally, the Plan America,
instead of harvesting the 39 bags 79 bags per hectare harvested.
This confirms the hypothesis Filgueiras O. (2007), Matichenkov V.
(2008), Rodriguez. F.; Dallagnol L., Resende R. and J. Ma (2008),
E. Quero (2010) and Horna Z. (2011) in which the potassium
silicate more synergy peptide contributes to strengthening the
immunoregulatory system of the plants.

3. This viral disease brought under control of the white
ribbon, if seizures recur snail pest is reduced
yields.

4. This test result is a random accidental invaluable
contribution to world agriculture may be more healthy food
friendly products.

VI.
RECOMMENDATIONS

1. With the synergy of these products we are facing a
new concept to plant nutrition or n and is an excellent
contribution to sustainable agriculture. Diffusion is necessary
or n of this hy-friendly technology so that you can put into pr
to information by the higher c n u m ber of farmers and the
largest n ú m ber of crops.

2. The Ecuadorian state, to trav é s MAGAP should
initiate a comprehensive program of educat ion and environmental
control on the use of qu t m ic banned for snail control, should
Collaterally testing to find the f or r mule friendly controlling
this pest.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Filgueiras O. 2007. Silicon in agriculture. The mineral
is used to control pests, increase productivity and improve the
quality of agricultural products. Print edition 140
pg.

Horna Z., 2011. Agricultural revolution to the
application of peptides. Engormix.com. Argentina.

Matichencov V., 2008. Chemical structure of silicon and
biosilicificacion processes. Russia.

Malidarh Ghanbari, Mobasser AH Alavi, V. (2008). Effect
of silicon and nitrogen rates in leaf and neck blast, chlorophyll
content and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in two water
management systems. (Floods and deficit irrigation) in northern
Iran. Department of Agronomy, Islamic Azad University, Iran.
Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on
Silicon. Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa.

Rodriguez. F.; Dallagnol L., Resende R. and J. Ma
(2008). Silicon in disease control in rice, sorghum and soybeans.
Federal University of Viçosa Laboratory Department of
Plant Pathology Plant-Pathogen Interacao da Viçosa, Minas
Gerais CEP, 36570-000 Brazil. Paper presented at the Fourth
International Conference on Silicon. Kwa Zulu Natal, South
Africa.

Peñaranda RH, 1999. Integrated management of
sogata (Tagosodes orizicolus) Muir in rice cultivation
in Los Llanos Orientales. FEDEARROZ-pro birth.
Villavicencio.

Quero, E. 2008. The fundamental biological process
biosilicificacion in agricultural production. Mexico.

SEPHU, 2009. Spanish Society of humic products. Sephu
News, Bulletin No. 28. Zaragoza. Spain.

 

 

Autor:

Dr. Rafael Horna Z.

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