The Life, work and legacy of Thomas Alva Edison

Thomas A. Edison, 1878. Photo courtesy
of U. S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Edison
National Historic Site.

Introduction

One of the most famous and prolific inventors of all
time, Thomas Alva Edison exerted a tremendous influence on modern
life, contributing inventions such as the incandescent light
bulb, the phonograph, and the motion picture camera, as well as
improving the telegraph and telephone. In his 84 years, he
acquired an astounding 1,093 patents. Aside from being an
inventor, Edison also managed to become a successful manufacturer
and businessman, marketing his inventions to the public. A myriad
of business liaisons, partnerships, and corporations filled
Edison's life, and legal battles over various patents and
corporations were continuous. The following is only a brief
sketch of an enormously active and complex life full of projects
often occurring simultaneously. Several excellent biographies are
readily available in local libraries to those who wish to learn
more about the particulars of his life and many business
ventures

Edison's Early
Years

Thomas A. Edison's forebears lived in New Jersey until
their loyalty to the British crown during the American Revolution
drove them to Nova Scotia, Canada. From there, later generations
relocated to Ontario and fought the Americans in the War of 1812.
Edison's mother, Nancy Elliott, was originally from New York
until her family moved to Vienna, Canada, where she met Sam
Edison, Jr., whom she later married. When Sam became involved in
an unsuccessful insurrection in Ontario in the 1830s, he was
forced to flee to the United States and in 1839 they made their
home in Milan, Ohio.

Thomas Alva Edison was born to Sam and Nancy on February
11, 1847, in Milan, Ohio. Known as "Al" in his youth, Edison was
the youngest of seven children, four of whom survived to
adulthood. Edison tended to be in poor health when
young.

To seek a better fortune, Sam Edison moved the family to
Port Huron, Michigan, in 1854, where he worked in the lumber
business.

Edison was a poor student. When a schoolmaster
called Edison "addled," his furious mother took him out of the
school and proceeded to teach him at home. Edison said many years
later, "My mother was the making of me. She was so true, so sure
of me, and I felt I had some one to live for, some one I must not
disappoint." At an early age, he showed a fascination for
mechanical things and for chemical experiments.

In 1859, Edison took a job selling newspapers and candy
on the Grand Trunk Railroad to Detroit. In the baggage car, he
set up a laboratory for his chemistry experiments and a printing
press, where he started the Grand Trunk Herald, the
first newspaper published on a train. An accidental fire forced
him to stop his experiments on board.

Around the age of twelve, Edison lost almost all his
hearing. There are several theories as to what caused his hearing
loss. Some attribute it to the aftereffects of scarlet fever
which he had as a child. Others blame it on a conductor boxing
his ears after Edison caused a fire in the baggage car, an
incident which Edison claimed never happened. Edison himself
blamed it on an incident in which he was grabbed by his ears and
lifted to a train. He did not let his disability discourage him,
however, and often treated it as an asset, since it made it
easier for him to concentrate on his experiments and research.
Undoubtedly, though, his deafness made him more solitary and shy
in dealings with others.

Telegraph
Work

In 1862, Edison rescued a three-year-old from a track
where a boxcar was about to roll into him. The grateful father,
J.U. MacKenzie, taught Edison railroad telegraphy as a reward.
That winter, he took a job as a telegraph operator in Port Huron.
In the meantime, he continued his scientific experiments on the
side. Between 1863 and 1867, Edison migrated from city to city in
the United States taking available telegraph jobs.

In 1868 Edison moved to Boston where he worked in the
Western Union office and worked even more on his inventions. In
January 1869 Edison resigned his job, intending to devote himself
fulltime to inventing things. His first invention to receive a
patent was the electric vote recorder, in June 1869. Daunted by
politicians' reluctance to use the machine, he decided that in
the future he would not waste time inventing things that no one
wanted.

Edison moved to New York City in the middle of 1869. A
friend, Franklin L. Pope, allowed Edison to sleep in a room at
Samuel Laws' Gold Indicator Company where he was employed. When
Edison managed to fix a broken machine there, he was hired to
manage and improve the printer machines.

During the next period of his life, Edison became
involved in multiple projects and partnerships dealing with the
telegraph. In October 1869, Edison formed with Franklin L. Pope
and James Ashley the organization Pope, Edison and Co. They
advertised themselves as electrical engineers and constructors of
electrical devices. Edison received several patents for
improvements to the telegraph. The partnership merged with the
Gold and Stock Telegraph Co. in 1870. Edison also established the
Newark Telegraph Works in Newark, NJ, with William Unger to
manufacture stock printers. He formed the American Telegraph
Works to work on developing an automatic telegraph later in the
year. In 1874 he began to work on a multiplex telegraphic system
for Western Union, ultimately developing a quadruplex telegraph,
which could send two messages simultaneously in both directions.
When Edison sold his patent rights to the quadruplex to the rival
Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Co., a series of court battles
followed in which Western Union won. Besides other telegraph
inventions, he also developed an electric pen in 1875.

His personal life during this period also brought much
change. Edison's mother died in 1871, and later that year, he
married a former employee, Mary Stilwell, on Christmas Day. While
Edison clearly loved his wife, their relationship was fraught
with difficulties, primarily his preoccupation with work and her
constant illnesses. Edison would often sleep in the lab and spent
much of his time with his male colleagues. Nevertheless, their
first child, Marion, was born in February 1873, followed by a
son, Thomas, Jr., born on January 1876. Edison nicknamed the two
"Dot" and "Dash," referring to telegraphic terms. A third child,
William Leslie was born in October 1878.

Edison opened a new laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ,
in 1876. This site later become known as an "invention factory,"
since they worked on several different inventions at any given
time there. Edison would conduct numerous experiments to find
answers to problems. He said, "I never quit until I get what I'm
after. Negative results are just what I'm after. They are just as
valuable to me as positive results." Edison liked to work
long hours and expected much from his employees.

In 1877, Edison worked on a telephone transmitter that
greatly improved on Alexander Graham Bell's work with the
telephone. His transmitter made it possible for voices to be
transmitted at higer volume and with greater clarity over
standard telephone lines.

Edison's experiments with the telephone and the
telegraph led to his invention of the phonograph in 1877. It
occurred to him that sound could be recorded as indentations on a
rapidly-moving piece of paper. He eventually formulated a machine
with a tinfoil-coated cylinder and a diaphragm and needle. When
Edison spoke the words "Mary had a little lamb" into the
mouthpiece, to his amazement the machine played the phrase back
to him. The Edison Speaking Phonograph Company was established
early in 1878 to market the machine, but the initial novelty
value of the phonograph wore off, and Edison turned his attention
elsewhere.

Edison focused on the electric light system in 1878,
setting aside the phonograph for almost a decade. With the
backing of financiers, The Edison Electric Light Co. was formed
on November 15 to carry out experiments with electric lights and
to control any patents resulting from them. In return for handing
over his patents to the company, Edison received a large share of
stock. Work continued into 1879, as the lab attempted not only to
devise an incandescent bulb, but an entire electrical lighting
system that could be supported in a city. A filament of
carbonized thread proved to be the key to a long-lasting light
bulb. Lamps were put in the laboratory, and many journeyed out to
Menlo Park to see the new discovery. A special public exhibition
at the lab was given for a multitude of amazed visitors on New
Year's Eve.

Edison set up an electric light factory in East Newark
in 1881, and then the following year moved his family and himself
to New York and set up a laboratory there.

In order to prove its viability, the first
commercial electric light system was installed on Pearl Street in
the financial district of Lower Manhattan in 1882, bordering City
Hall and two newspapers. Initially, only four hundred lamps were
lit; a year later, there were 513 customers using 10,300
lamps. Edison formed several companies to manufacture and
operate the apparatus needed for the electrical lighting system:
the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York, the Edison
Machine Works, the Edison Electric Tube Company, and the Edison
Lamp Works. This lighting system was also taken abroad to the
Paris Lighting Exposition in 1881, the Crystal Palace in London
in 1882, the coronation of the czar in Moscow, and led to the
establishment of companies in several European
countries.

The success of Edison's lighting system could not deter
his competitors from developing their own, different methods. One
result was a battle between the proponents of DC current, led by
Edison, and AC current, led by George Westinghouse. Both
sides attacked the limitations of each system. Edison, in
particular, pointed to the use of AC current for electrocution as
proof of its danger. DC current could not travel over as long a
system as AC, but the AC generators were not as efficient as the
ones for DC. By 1889, the invention of a device that combined an
AC induction motor with a DC dynamo offered the best performance
of all, and AC current became dominant. The Edison General
Electric Co. merged with Thomson-Houston in 1892 to become
General Electric Co., effectively removing Edison further from
the electrical field of business.

An Improved
Phonograph

Edison's wife, Mary, died on August 9, 1884, possibly
from a brain tumor. Edison remarried to Mina Miller on February
24, 1886, and, with his wife, moved into a large mansion named
Glenmont in West Orange, New Jersey. Edison's children from his
first marriage were distanced from their father's new life, as
Edison and Mina had their own family: Madeleine, born on 1888;
Charles on 1890; and Theodore on 1898. Unlike Mary, who was
sickly and often remained at home, and was also deferential to
her husband's wishes, Mina was an active woman, devoting much
time to community groups, social functions, and charities, as
well as trying to improve her husband's often careless personal
habits.

In 1887, Edison had built a new, larger laboratory in
West Orange, New Jersey. The facility included a machine shop,
phonograph and photograph departments, a library, and ancillary
buildings for metallurgy, chemistry, woodworking, and
galvanometer testings.

While Edison had neglected further work on
the phonograph, others had moved forward to improve it. In
particular, Chichester Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter developed
an improved machine that used a wax cylinder and a floating
stylus, which they called a graphophone. They sent
representatives to Edison to discuss a possible partnership on
the machine, but Edison refused to collaborate with them, feeling
that the phonograph was his invention alone. With this
competition, Edison was stirred into action and resumed his work
on the phonograph in 1887. Edison eventually adopted methods
similar to Bell and Tainter's in his own phonograph.

The phonograph was initially marketed as a business
dictation machine. Entrepreneur Jesse H. Lippincott acquired
control of most of the phonograph companies, including Edison's,
and set up the North American Phonograph Co. in 1888. The
business did not prove profitable, and when Lippincott fell ill,
Edison took over the management. In 1894, the North American
Phonograph Co. went into bankruptcy, a move which allowed Edison
to buy back the rights to his invention. In 1896, Edison started
the National Phonograph Co. with the intent of making phonographs
for home amusement. Over the years, Edison made improvements to
the phonograph and to the cylinders which were played on them,
the early ones being made of wax. Edison introduced an
unbreakable cylinder record, named the Blue Amberol, at roughly
the same time he entered the disc phonograph market in 1912.
The introduction of an Edison disc was in reaction to the
overwhelming popularity of discs on the market in contrast to
cylinders. Touted as being superior to the competition's records,
the Edison discs were designed to be played only on Edison
phonographs, and were cut laterally as opposed to vertically. The
success of the Edison phonograph business, though, was always
hampered by the company's reputation of choosing lower-quality
recording acts. In the 1920s, competition from radio caused
business to sour, and the Edison disc business ceased production
in 1929.

Other Ventures:
Ore-milling and Cement

Another Edison interest was an ore-milling process that
would extract various metals from ore. In 1881, he formed the
Edison Ore-Milling Co., but the venture proved fruitless as there
was no market for it. In 1887, he returned to the project,
thinking that his process could help the mostly depleted Eastern
mines compete with the Western ones. In 1889, the New Jersey and
Pennsylvania Concentrating Works was formed, and Edison became
absorbed by its operations and began to spend much time away from
home at the mines in Ogdensburg, New Jersey. Although he invested
much money and time into this project, it proved unsuccessful
when the market went down and additional sources of ore in the
Midwest were found.

Edison also became involved in promoting the use of
cement and formed the Edison Portland Cement Co. in 1899. He
tried to promote widespread use of cement for the construction of
low-cost homes and envisioned alternative uses for concrete in
the manufacture of phonographs, furniture, refrigerators, and
pianos. Unfortunately, Edison was ahead of his time with these
ideas, as widespread use of concrete proved economically
unfeasible at that time.

Motion
Pictures

In 1888, Edison met Eadweard Muybridge at West Orange
and viewed Muybridge's zoopraxiscope. This machine used a
circular disc with still photographs of the successive phases of
movement around the circumference to recreate the illusion of
movement. Edison declined to work with Muybridge on the device
and decided to work on his own motion picture camera at his
laboratory. As Edison put it in a caveat written the same year,
"I am experimenting upon an instrument which does for the eye
what the phonograph does for the ear."

The task of inventing the machine fell to Edison's
associate William K. L. Dickson. Dickson initially experimented
with a cylinder-based device for recording images, before turning
to a celluloid strip. In October of 1889, Dickson greeted
Edison's return from Paris with a new device that projected
pictures and contained sound. After more work, patent
applications were made in 1891 for a motion picture camera,
called a Kinetograph, and a Kinetoscope, a motion picture
peephole viewer.

Kinetoscope parlors opened in New York and soon spread
to other major cities during 1894. In 1893, a motion picture
studio, later dubbed the Black Maria (the slang name for a police
paddy wagon which the studio resembled), was opened at the West
Orange complex. Short films were produced using variety acts of
the day. Edison was reluctant to develop a motion picture
projector, feeling that more profit was to be made with the
peephole viewers.

When Dickson aided competitors on developing another
peephole motion picture device and the eidoloscope projection
system, later to develop into the Mutoscope, he was fired.
Dickson went on to form the American Mutoscope Co. along with
Harry Marvin, Herman Casler, and Elias Koopman. Edison
subsequently adopted a projector developed by Thomas Armat and
Charles Francis Jenkins and re-named it the Vitascope and
marketed it under his name. The Vitascope premiered on April 23,
1896, to great acclaim.

Competition from other motion picture companies soon
created heated legal battles between them and Edison over
patents. Edison sued many companies for infringement. In 1909,
the formation of the Motion Picture Patents Co. brought a degree
of cooperation to the various companies who were given licenses
in 1909, but in 1915, the courts found the company to be an
unfair monopoly.

In 1913, Edison experimented with synchronizing sound to
film. A Kinetophone was developed by his laboratory
which synchronized sound on a phonograph cylinder to the picture
on a screen. Although this initially brought interest, the system
was far from perfect and disappeared by 1915. By 1918, Edison
ended his involvement in the motion picture field.

Edison's Later
Years

In 1911, Edison's companies were re-organized into
Thomas A. Edison, Inc. As the organization became more
diversified and structured, Edison became less involved in the
day-to-day operations, although he still had some decision-making
authority. The goals of the organization became more to maintain
market viability than to produce new inventions
frequently.

A fire broke out at the West Orange laboratory in 1914,
destroying 13 buildings. Although the loss was great, Edison
spearheaded the rebuilding of the lot.

When Europe became involved in World War I, Edison
advised preparedness, and felt that technology would be the
future of war. He was named head of the Naval Consulting Board in
1915, an attempt by the government to bring science into its
defense program. Although mainly an advisory board, it was
instrumental in the formation of a laboratory for the Navy which
opened in 1923, although several of Edison's suggestions on the
matter were disregarded. During the war, Edison spent much of his
time doing naval research, in particular working on submarine
detection, but he felt that the navy was not receptive to many of
his inventions and suggestions.

In the 1920s, Edison's health became worse, and he began
to spend more time at home with his wife. His relationship with
his children was distant, although Charles was president of
Thomas A. Edison, Inc. While Edison continued to experiment at
home, he could not perform some experiments that he wanted to at
his West Orange laboratory because the board would not approve
them. One project that held his fascination during this period
was the search for an alternative to rubber.

Henry Ford, an admirer and friend of Edison's,
reconstructed Edison's invention factory as a museum at
Greenfield Village, Michigan, which opened during the 50th
anniversary of Edison's electric light in 1929. The main
celebration for Light's Golden Jubilee, co-hosted by Ford and
General Electric, took place in Dearborn along with a huge
celebratory dinner in Edison's honor attended by notables such as
President Hoover, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., George Eastman, Marie
Curie, and Orville Wright. Edison's health, however, had declined
to the point that he could not stay for the entire
ceremony.

For his last two years, a series of ailments caused his
health to decline even more until he lapsed into a coma on
October 14, 1931. He died on October 18, 1931, at his estate,
Glenmont, in West Orange, New Jersey.

About Thomas Alva Edison State
College

 Thomas Edison State
College has a national reputation for academic excellence and
educational integrity. The College is one of New Jersey's 12
senior public institutions of higher education and one of the
first schools in the country designed specifically for adults.
The College provides flexible, high-quality, collegiate learning
opportunities for self-directed adults and offers degree
programs and certificates in more than 100 areas of
study

Alumni

Welcome Alumni!

Founded in 1979, the Alumni Association
represents nearly 43,000 alumni worldwide who have earned their
degrees from Thomas Edison State College.  As a graduate of
Thomas Edison State College, you are one of many remarkable
individuals who compose the membership of this extraordinary
organization.The Alumni Association is committed to helping
advance the College"s mission to provide flexible, high-quality
collegiate learning opportunities for self-directed adults,
wherever they live or work. No one can better explain the
benefits of attending Thomas Edison State College than our
knowledgeable and passionate alumni, so we hope you will consider
helping us enhance higher education for adult learners throughout
the country and the world by participating in the Alumni
Ambassador Program or through another program.

Accreditation

Thomas Edison State College is regionally accredited by
the Middle States Commission on Higher Education, 3624
Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (267-284-5000). This
prestigious accreditation is part of a national system of quality
assurance which requires colleges and universities to reach a
common understanding and agreement as to the standards of quality
for American higher education.

The W. Cary Edwards School of Nursing baccalaureate,
master's and graduate certificate programs at Thomas Edison State
College are accredited by the National League for Nursing
Accrediting Commission (NLNAC), 3343 Peachtree Road, NE, Suite
850, Atlanta, GA 30326, (0404)975-5000The W. Cary Edwards School
of Nursing baccalaureate and master's degree nursing programs at
Thomas Edison State College are accredited by the Commission
on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE), One Dupont Circle, NW,
Suite 530, Washington, D.C. 20036-1120, (202) 887-6791.The W.
Cary Edwards School of Nursing programs at Thomas Edison State
College are approved by the New Jersey Board of Nursing, PO
Box 45010, Newark, NJ 07101, (973) 504-6430.

Thomas Edison State College"s Master of Arts in
Educational Leadership Program, which is designed to prepare
educators for roles in school leadership, is granted Initial
Accreditation by the Teacher Education Accreditation Council
(TEAC) for a period of five years, from December 11, 2009 to
December 11, 2014. This accreditation certifies that the
forenamed professional education program has provided evidence
that the program adheres to TEAC"s quality principles. The TEAC
Public Performance Disclosure as applicable to the Educational
Leadership program is available online.

The Thomas Edison State College bachelor's degree in
Nuclear Energy Engineering Technology is accredited by
the Engineering Technology Accreditation Commission of ABET.
ABET is a specialized accrediting agency recognized by the
Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA).

Thomas Edison State College's associate
degree program and undergraduate certificate in Polysomnography
was awarded initial accreditation by the Commission on
Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP).
The initial accreditation status is valid from March 16, 2012
until March 31, 2017.Contact information:

Commission on Accreditation of Allied
Health Education Programs (CAAHEP)1361 Park StreetClearwater,
FL  33756(727) 210-2350http://www.caahep.org

Commission on Collegiate Nursing
Education (CCNE)One Dupont Circle, N.W.Suite 530Washington,
DC 20036-1120(202)
887-6791http://www.aacn.nche.edu/accreditation/

Engineering Technology Accreditation
Commission of ABET111 Market Pl., Suite 1050Baltimore, MD
21202(410) 347-7700http://www.abet.org/

Middle States Commission on Higher
Education3264 Market St.Philadelphia, PA 19104(267)
284-5000http://www.msche.org/

National League for Nursing Accrediting
Commission (NLNAC)3343 Peachtree Road, N.E.Suite 850Atlanta,
GA 30326(404) 975-5000http://www.nlnac.org/

New Jersey Board of NursingP.O. Box
45010Newark, NJ 07101(973)
504-6430www.state.nj.us/lps/ca/medical/nursing.htm

Teacher Education Accreditation Council
(TEAC)One Dupont Circle NWSuite 320Washington, DC 20036(202)
466-7236http://www.teac.org 

References

*http://www.tesc.edu/about/

*http://www.tesc.edu/alumni/index.cfm

*http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edbio.html

*http://www.tesc.edu/about/Accreditation.cfm

About the author

Historiador,Economista y Filósofo
Latinoamericano

Post-Doctor Omar Gómez
Castañeda,Senior,Ph.D

*Egresado
del Programa Post-Doctoral en Gerencia en
las Organizaciones en la
URBE,Maracaibo,Estado Zulia,Venezuela(2008)

* Doctorado(Doctor of Arts)en
Historía,distinción en Historía Antigüa
y Medieval con el grado de Summa Cum Laude de Belford
University,5715 Will Clayton Nº 1301,Humble,Texas,Estados
Unidos de Norteamérica,el 15 de Agosto del
2008.

(2006-2008).(www.belforduniversity.net).

(www.belforduniversity.net/verification/).(Graduate
ID:RV436403-PASSWORD:84505801).

Distinction

Ancient and Medieval
History

If you"d like to have a copy of the
educational documents of the student (degrees, transcripts, and
other certificates), you may either request the student for them
or ask us to send you the documents directly through postal mail,
FAX or e-mail.

*Ex-Profesor Titular de la
Cátedra de Venezuela Contemporánea en el
IUTIRLA,Extensión Barquisimeto,Estado
Lara,Venezuela.(2008).

*Creador y Administrador del
Grupo de Historiadores en Facebook

(www.facebook.com)

*Donador de trabajos,ensayos,obras y
revistas sobre
historía,economía,filosofía y otros
tópicos a la Biblioteca de la Academia Nacional de la
Historía,Palacio de las Academias,Bolsa a San
Francisco,Caracas,D.Capital,Venezuela.

Secretaría: +58 (212) 482.67.20
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482.67.20 end_of_the_skype_highlighting / 483.94.35 /
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482.38.49 end_of_the_skype_highlighting ext. 221 Hemeroteca:
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webmaster@anhvenezuela.org

informacion@anhvenezuela.org

Obras,artículos,ensayos y
trabajos del autor
en materia histórica:

*Historía
del Arrendamiento Financiero en

Venezuela y sus
perspectivas,Caracas,1983,

Talleres Tipográficos "Impresos
Milano",C.A,Caracas.

(La obra puede ser consultada en
las Bibliotecas del Instituto Universitario de
Tecnología Industrial "Rodolfo Loero
Arismendi(IUTIRLA),Extensión Barquisimeto,Estado Lara;de
la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Económicas en
Caracas;del Banco Central de Venezuela,Caracas y la
Biblioteca de la Academia Nacional de la
Historía,Caracas:

(informacion@anhvenezuela.org).

* Los Templarios: Su influencia
económica y financiera

*El legado económico dejado por el
antigüo Egipto en nuestra actualidad
en:

http://www.zonaeconomica.com/omar-gomez-castaneda/economia-egipto(2009).

* Biografía del Gran
Almirante Cristóbal Colón
- Monografias.com

 - 4 visitas - 9 Mar

Enviado por Omar Gómez
Castañeda. Partes: 1, 2 … se han prestado a numerosas
disquisiciones y debates entre biógrafos e
historiadores. … www.monografias.com

/trabajos82/biografia-gran-almirante-cristobal-colon/biografia-gran-almirante-cristobal-colon

El Post-Doctor Omar Gómez recibe la
Orden Cruz Gran Almirante,otorgada por el Ministerio del
Interior,con el visto favorable del Rey Juan Carlos de
Borbón,en el marco de la celebración de los 500
años del descubrimiento
de América,Madrid,España(1990).Además,el
Post-Doctor Gómez es Miembro Vitalicio y Caballero de la
Orden de la Cruz del Gran Almirante,Madrid,España,desde
1990.

*Gobierno de Juan Vicente Gómez
1908- 1935 (Venezuela …

Gobierno de Juan Vicente Gómez 1908-
1935 (Venezuela). Enviado por Omar …
www.monografias.com

/trabajos82/gobierno-juan-vicente-gomez/gobierno-juan-vicente-gomez

*Gobierno del General Eleazar
López Contreras(1936-1941),de elaboración propia y
donado a la Biblioteca del IUTIRLA,Sede Barquisimeto,Estado
Lara-Carrera 24,entre Calles 24 y 25,Barquisimeto,Estado
Lara.-Telf y fax: (0251)2318541

e-mail:iutirlalara@hotmail.com.(Año
2011).

*Gobierno del
General Isaias Medina Angarita –
Monografias.com

La elección: Ministro
de Guerra y Marina en el gobierno del
presidente… … Gobierno del
General Isaias Medina Angarita. Enviado
por Omar Gómez
Castañeda …www.monografias.com

/trabajos83/gobierno-del-general-isaias-medina-angarita/gobierno-del-general-isaias-medina-angarita

*Junta Revolucionaria (1945-1948) –
Monografias.com

Durante su
administración, Isaías Medina
Angarita impulsa
una política … www.monografias.com

/trabajos83/junta-revolucionaria/junta-revolucionaria

*Gobierno de Marcos Pérez
Jiménez (1952 – 1958) – Monografias.com  - 4
visitas - 5 Abr

Gobierno de Marcos Pérez
Jiménez (1952 – 1958). Enviado por Omar
Gómez … www.monografias.com

/trabajos83/gobierno-marcos-perez-jimenez/gobierno-marcos-perez-jimenez

*Gobierno Provisional de Wolfgang
Larrazábal(1958-1959),de elaboración propia y
donado a la Biblioteca del IUTIRLA,Sede Barquisimeto,Estado
Lara,Venezuela.

(Año 2011).

*Gobierno de Rómulo
Betancourt(1959-1964) – Monografias.com

Gobierno de Rómulo
Betancourt(1959-1964). Enviado por Omar Gómez
Castañeda … Rómulo Betancourt, Presidente
constitucional de Venezuela durante el período …
www.monografias.com

http://www.google.com/#q=Gobierno+de+R%C3%B3mulo+Betancourt-Omar+G%C3%B3mez+Casta%C3%B1eda&hl=es&sa=2&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=2b76f2332ae658e1&biw=780&bih=456

*Gobierno del Doctor
Raúl Leoni (1964-1969) – Monografias.com

Le tocó a Raúl Leoni
presenciar, desde el gobierno, la tercera
división
de … www.monografias.com

/trabajos84/gobierno-del-doctor-raul-leoni/gobierno-del-doctor-raul-leoni

*Gobierno del Doctor Rafael
Caldera (1969-1974) – Monografias.com

La agenda y las
principales políticas: Durante el gobierno de
Rómulo … www.monografias.com

/trabajos84/gobierno-doctor-rafael-caldera/gobierno-doctor-rafael-caldera

*Biografía del General 4
Estrellas George Smith Patton,
Jr …

Biografía del General 4
Estrellas George Smith Patton, Jr. …..
Omar R. Gómez Castañeda.
Senior,Ph.D, es Post-Doctor, egresado en el Programa
Post-Doctoral …www.monografias.com

/trabajos84/biografia-general-george-patton/biografia-general-george-patton

*Gobierno de George
Washington – Monografias.com

Gobierno de George Washington.
Enviado por Omar Gómez Castañeda
… La forma
de gobierno que Inglaterra auspició
en sus posesiones introdujo una
embrionaria … www.monografias.com

/trabajos83/gobierno-george-washington/gobierno-george-washington

*Gobierno de John Adams
(1797-1801) – Monografias.com

Gobierno de John Adams
(1797-1801). Enviado por Omar Gómez
Castañeda … www.monografias.com

/trabajos83/gobierno-john-adams-1797-1801/gobierno-john-adams-1797-1801

*Gobierno de Thomas
Jefferson(1801-1809),tercer presidente de los Estados
Unidos de Norteamérica.Elaboración propia y
donado a la Biblioteca del IUTIRLA,Sede Barquisimeto,Estado
Lara,Venezuela.

(Año 2011).

*Primer Gobierno de Carlos Andrés
Pérez(1974-1979) en
/trabajos87/primer-gobierno-carlos-andres-perez/primer-gobierno-carlos-andres-perez

*Biography Sir Wiston Churchill(1874-1965)
en:

/trabajos87/biography-sir-wiston-churchill/biography-sir-wiston-churchill

*Historía del Sudán e
injerencia del General Charles Gordon en el destino de ese
país,alojado en:
/trabajos88/historia-sudan-injerencia-general-charles-gordon/historia-sudan-injerencia-general-charles-gordon.

*Gobierno de Luís Herrera
Campins(1979-1984) alojado en:

/trabajos88/gobierno-luis-herrera-campins-1979-1984/gobierno-luis-herrera-campins-1979-1984

*La transcendencia del caso Roswell y el
área 51 para la humanidad,alojado en:

/trabajos88/transcendencia-del-caso-roswell-y-area-51-humanidad/transcendencia-del-caso-roswell-y-area-51-humanidad

*Gobierno de Jaime
Lusinchi(1984-1989)alojado en:

/trabajos88/gobierno-jaime-lusinchi-1984-1989/gobierno-jaime-lusinchi-1984-1989

*Segunda presidencia de Carlos
Andrés Pérez(1989-1993)alojado en:

/trabajos88/segunda-presidencia-carlos-andres-perez-1989-1993/segunda-presidencia-carlos-andres-perez-1989-1993

*Gobierno de Ramón J
Velásquez(1993-1994),de elaboración propia y donado
a la Biblioteca del IUTIRLA,Sede Barquisimeto,Estado
Lara,Venezuela. iutirlalara@hotmail.com .

*Segunda Presidencia del Doctor Rafael
Caldera en
/trabajos89/segunda-presidencia-del-dr-rafael-caldera/segunda-presidencia-del-dr-rafael-caldera

*Biografía de Rafael María
Baralt en
/trabajos94/biografia-rafael-maria-baralt/biografia-rafael-maria-baralt

*Reseña Histórica del Colegio
de Economistas del Estado Zulia en
/trabajos95/resena-historica-del-colegio-economistas-del-estado-zulia/resena-historica-del-colegio-economistas-del-estado-zulia

*El Origen del Hombre en
/trabajos97/origen-del-hombre/origen-del-hombre