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El mundo de la exploración del petroleo. Estudio de caso: Nicaragua



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    Introduction Petroleum Potential in Nicaragua is documented by
    oil and gas indications and also by existence of good traps in
    both margins. This make the potential good to attract the invest
    of the petroleum industry. The exploration activities are
    regulated by the Law 286, “Ley Especial de
    Exploración y Explotación de Hidrocarburos
    and its regulation, Decree No.43-98, and also by other laws and
    norms relative with exploration activities. 2

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    Jamaica Colombia

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    Available Areas Map 4

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    5 Methods applied for research exploration of hydrocarbons in the
    Caribbean of Nicaragua : ?STRATIGRAPHY ?SEISMIC REFLECTION
    ?DRILLING

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    ? ? STRATIGRAPHY NEW PERSPECTIVE IN CARIBBEAN OF
    NICARAGUA…. This dolomite section presents limestone with
    predominant shale. The dolomitization part of the Punta Gorda
    Formation is independent of the depositional environment and has
    calcite material. Dolomite section can be observed in some
    seismic section as a free reflexion. In the region of the Tyra
    well this section is related with the Perlas reef
    structure.

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    ? NEW PERSPECTIVE IN CARIBBEAN OF NICARAGUA Dolomite section in
    the Punta Gorda Formation of the Caribbean Margin of Nicaragua.
    Dolomite Troy from Middle Eocene was recognized by Occidental in
    the wells Miskito-1 and Miskito-2 in the Punta Gorda Formation
    level. This dolomite sequences is stratigraphically similar to
    the one identified in some wells from Jamaica and Honduras.
    Offshore wells from Nicaragua indicate a range thickness of this
    section from 85´to 400´. Eight wells drilled in the
    Caribbean of Nicaragua identified this sequence and one well from
    Honduras.

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    Legend Oligo-Miocene Unit I. Unit IV. Unit V. Unit II. Acoustic
    Unit III. Basement

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    SEISMIC REFLECTION Total seismic in Caribbean of Nicaragua TOTAL
    2D SEISMIC : 39. 596 Km 22, 918 Km 2D 3, 095 Km 2D 2D 4, 915
    Km² 3D 2D Caribbean Caribbean Caribbean Caribbean Caribbean
    Offshore Offshore Offshore Offshore Offshore 1966-1980. 1999/2000
    2011 2011 2013 10

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    Areas Awarded for Oil Exploration and Exploitation Caribbean
    Offshore of Nicaragua: 13 657 km2 3 922 km2 3 909 km2 3 325 km2 2
    268 km2 Noble Energy Nicaragua Limited Noble Energy Nicaragua
    Limited Infinity Energy Resources, Inc. Infinity Energy
    Resources, Inc. 11

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    SEISMIC MAP 12

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    13 DRILLING Oil & Gas Indications of Wells Drilled in
    Nicaragua

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    27 2013 Wells Map TOTAL WELL DRILLED: 14 26 Exploratory Wells 1
    Exploratory Well Offshore Caribbean offshore Caribbean
    1965-1974

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    Hydrocarbon Potential

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    WELL CORRELATION 86 BBLS of Oil in 351 min 16

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    Traps: 17 rock in Type of Basin: First well drilled onshore:
    First well drilled offshore: Encourage Oil and gas shows: Good
    Reservoir: Economic Basement: Back Arc basin Punta Gorda-1
    Touche-1 (abandoned after a blowout at the total depth of 4420m)
    Perlas-1 (accumulative production of 350 B/D asphaltic, 3223 mt,
    Lower Eocene) Clastic and Carbonates Reached in
    Twara-1,Centeno-1, Toro Cay-1, Miskito-1and Rama- 1 wells Late
    Cretaceous: Sources rock: Reached by Nica-1 (Cretaceous source
    rock is expected to be present on the basin Lower Eocene
    (Kerogene type I and IV, marine type, Perlas-1) Eocene Carbonates
    in Tuapi-1, produced 61 BOPD and 979 CMG, 3110 meters. The gas
    recovered supports the hypothesis of a unique source rock in the
    Eocene. No source rock was identified in the northern part
    suggest the existence of an older source rock that has not been
    drilled somewhere. Reservoir rock: Cay-1, Huani-1 y 2 Carbonate
    and Clastic from Eocene and Oligo-Miocene, delta, carbonates
    platform and reef, Miskito-2, Nasa Seal Rock: In the northern
    part prodeltaic shale and carbonate (Oligo-Miocene, Upper
    Eocene). Evaporites and shale were not found. Structural and
    stratigraphic from Oligo-Miocene and Eocene underlying the
    unconformity. Geothermal Gradient: Samples analysis: 3.5ºC
    in the North, 3.0ºC in the Central part, and 2.5 ºC in
    the South. Black shale outcropping in Siuna locality, overmature
    source rock due to volcanic activity. Kerogene was as high as
    77%. Cretaceous shale may act as an excellent source rock under
    normal geothermal gradient. Source Huani-1 is Eocene or possible
    older perhaps equivalent to Siuna samples. Cretaceous Black Shale
    is expected to be found in the deepest part of the basin. This
    source was reached in the Limon Basin in Costa Rica.

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    COMPANIES WHO HAVE WORKED IN THE CARIBBEAN, NICARAGUA SURVEY NAME
    Buttes YEAR 1977 SHOT FOR Buttes SHOT BY Delta PROCESSED BY
    Seiscom Delta KM. 1,729 Resources Inc. Chevron 1966-1980 Chevron
    Western Western 3,951 Nicaragua Mobil Oil Co. Pure Oil Co. Shell
    Oil Co. Texaco Oil Co. Union Oil Co. NCS99 1968-1969 1966
    1966-1970 1974-1975 1973-1977 2000 Mobil Western Shell Texaco
    Union Fugro- GS/Delta GSI GSI Union Fugro- GSI/Mobil GSI Digicon
    Fugro-Geoteam 4,383 833 6,270 2,297 3,455 3,095 Geoteam Geoteam
    NCSRE00 2000 Fugro- Fugro- Fugro-Geoteam 7,200 Reprocessed
    Geoteam Geoteam data 18

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    Conclusion •Sedimentary thickness of the Miskito basin
    varies from 2,000 meters in the South to 10,000 meters in the
    North. These sedimentary succession was deposited during the
    Tertiary to Recent Times. •Seismic interpretation and
    structural map in the central and southern part indicate: •
    Intense thrusting and strike slip faulting • Tectonic blocks
    controlled the sedimentation, particularly the development of
    reef system along the elevated parts of fault blocks. 19

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    • The Nica-Tinkham ridge is the result of trans-pressional
    deformation along a major strike slip fault. • Several wells
    drilled near the Perlas area had oil shows and the Perlas -1 well
    tested 350 bop with 36 ºAPI in the Eocene carbonate
    reservoirs. • Rich mature source rocks were also identified
    in some wells. • The Lower Eocene Facies are related with
    reef and fore reef system and also pinnacle reef system that can
    act as good limestone reservoir. • Four source rock interval
    were identified in Perlas-3 with organic matter from Middle to
    Early Eocene. 20

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    • Dolomitic section were identified in some northern wells
    with good thicknesses, which can act as a good reservoir. •
    Carbonates with porosity between 5 to 10% were identified in the
    Verolania basin, central part of the Miskito Basin. •
    Faulting's dome structure with thick carbonate have been
    identified in the Centeno Area. •The Miskito basin has a
    sedimentary thickness that varies from 2,000 meters in the South
    to 10,000 meters in the North, their sediments were deposited
    during the Tertiary to Recent Times. Seismic interpretation and
    structural map in the central and southern part indicate: •
    Intense thrusting and strike slip faulting. • Tectonic
    blocks controlled the sedimentation, particularly the development
    of reef system along the elevated parts of fault blocks. 21

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    • Several wells drilled near the Perlas area had oil shows
    and the Perlas -1 well producted 350 bop in the Eocene carbonate
    reservoirs related with dolomitization of limestone. • The
    Lower Eocene Facies are related with reef and fore reef system
    and also pinnacle reef system that can act as good limestone
    reservoir. • The Bahamas Reef Systems provides a perfect
    analog for the sedimentary environment and facies geometry for
    the Eocene offshore Nicaragua. 22

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