Conclusion
This paper has emphasized mainly on
research evidence of the interaction about couple relation,
family instability and income and how the crossover effects of
the interplay impacts on child emotional adjustment. Although the
idea of a correlation between couple relation , family
instability, income and child emotional adjustment is naturally
interesting, nevertheless, the review of literature continuously
emphasized the inconsistency in empirical literature and this
call for urgent needs for researcher to address the issue
identified in previous research studies. Thus, the evidence shows
that the multifaceted nature of marital relations, family
instability and income have possibly contributed to the
discrepancies.
However, a series of assumptions can be
deduced from the reviewing literature on couple relation, family
instability and income and the crossover effects on child
emotional outcomes. Interestingly, numerous evidence highlighted
that children who experiences marital conflict, family
separation, low socioeconomic status and family dysfunction are
significantly affected by the situation in the household and are
typically, shoddier off than their peers in a stable and blissful
household who are enjoying good quality of life .
Nevertheless, studies confirmed that the
gauge of the variances in welfare among the two sets of
youngsters is not huge, which further confirmed that not all
children are severely influenced. Family instability and poor
living condition/ low family income impact seriously on a
marginal number of children, mostly in the existence of other
aggravating influences. This assumption confirmed the general
belief that most youngsters are vulnerable, and therefore open to
household precariousness in early and teenage age. Therefore,
it's worth mentioning that deteriorations in financial situations
couple with the marital conflict may elucidate sum and not all,
of the worse consequences amid youngsters who have witnessed or
reared in a dysfunctional household. Interestingly, fundamental
to these outcomes are several devices like drops in family income
after the divorce or break up, deteriorations in the well being
of the caregivers, marital skirmish and bargained
child-rearing.
These processes do not work autonomously,
but significantly connected in multifaceted ways. For instance,
financial decline that results from family breakup contributed
significantly to instability and crisis in a household. Brawl
among couples plays a double part, both as a portion of the
clarification of the connection concerning family instability and
child fallouts and as an autonomous effect on child fallouts. It
is worth noting that poor marital relation ad post-separation
skirmish which is unpleasant and continuously put the offspring
at the middle of conflict has extremely damaging impacts on a
child"s quality of life.
Conversely, reviewed studies consistently
documented that children reared in a poor family background,
experiencing family instability are linked to affecting and
behavioral problems in teenage years. Reports also documented
that parents" reports of their matrimonial and live together
transitions were reliably associated with their scores of
youngsters" conduct problems, such as emotional, nervous,
somatic, and behavioral difficulties. As highlighted in previous
studies, the global depression has significantly impacted on
several households, particularly on their financial status,
causes in terms of economic misery, unemployment, and lack of
capital to assist household members who are in need of support in
order to achieve their dreams.
Thus, the scopes of financial,
work-related, and learning experience represent significant
indicators of socioeconomic standing and further concurred that
research on SES and family dynamic has grown tremendously in the
past years. Therefore, hypothetical advances have progressed away
from previous suppositions which emphasized on the specific way
of impacts to innovative view concerning the interaction between
individual variances, SES, and household interactions.
References
Ackerman, B. P., Brown, E. D., D"Eramo, K.
S., & Izard, C. E. (2002). Maternal relationship
instability and the school behavior of
children from disadvantaged families.
Developmental Psychology, 38,
694–704.
Ackerman, B. P., Kogos, J., Youngstrom, E.,
Schoff, K., & Izard, C. (1999). Family
instability and the problem behaviors of
children from economically disadvantaged
families. Developmental Psychology,
35, 258–268.
Administration for Children and Families
(2006). Healthy marriage initiative activities and
accomplishments 2002–2005. www.acf.
hhs.gov/healthymarriage/pdf/community2006.pdf
Amato PR, Booth A, Johnson DR, Rogers SJ.
Alone together: How marriage in America is
changing. Boston: Harvard University Press;
2007.
Beauchaine, T. (2001). Vagal tone,
development, and Grays" motivational theory: Toward an
integrated model of autonomic nervous
system functioning in psychopathology.
Development and Psychopathology,
13, 183-214.
Beck, A. N., Cooper, C. E., McLanahan, S.,
& Brooks-Gunn, J. (2010). Partnership
transitions and maternal parenting. Journal
of Marriage and Family, 72, 219–233.
Belsky, J. (1981). Early human experience:
A family perspective. Developmental
Psychology, 17, 3- 17.
Berkman LF, Kawachi I, (2000) editors.
Social epidemiology. New York: Oxford University
Press;
Berscheid E. The greening of relationship
science. American Psychologist. 1999;54:260–266
Berkowitz, L. (1989).
Frustration–aggression hypothesis: Examination and
reformulation.
Psychological Bulletin, 106,
59–73.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology
of human development: Experiments by nature and
design. Cambridge,MA: Harvard
University Press.
Buchanan, C. M., Maccoby, E. E., &
Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Caught between parents:
Adolescents' experience in divorced homes.
Child Development,62, 1008-1029.
Buehler, C., Anthony, C., Krishnakumar, A.,
Stone, G., Gerard, J., & Pemberton, S. (1997).
Interparental conflict and youth problem
behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child
and Family Studies, 6,
233-247.
Buehler, C., & Gerard, J. M. (2002).
Marital conflict, ineffective parenting, and
children"s
and adolescent"s maladjustment. Journal
of Marriage and the Family, 64, 78-92.
Blair, C., Granger, D., & Razza, R. P.
(2005). Cortisol reactivity is positively related
to executive function in preschool children
attending Head Start. Child Development,
Capaldi DM, & Patterson GR.(1991)
Relation of Parental Transitions to Boys" Adjustment
Problems: I. A Linear Hypothesis. II.
Mothers at Risk for Transitions and Unskilled
Parenting. Developmental
Psychology.; 27:489–504.
Carlson, Marcia J.; & Corcoran, Mary E.
(2001) Family Structure and Children"s Behavioral
and Cognitive Outcomes. Journal of Marriage
and Family, 63:779–792.
Cavanagh, Shannon E. & Aletha C.
Huston. 2006. "Family instability and children"s early
problem behavior," Social Forces
85: 551–581.
Cavanagh, S. E., & Huston, A. C.
(2008). The timing of family instability and
children"s
social development. Journal of Marriage and
Family, 70, 1258–1269
Cherlin, A. J. (2009). The
marriage-go-round. The state of marriage and family
in
America today. New York: Alfred A.
Knopf
Conger R.D,& Conger K.J. ( 2002)
Resilience in Midwestern families: Selected findings
from the first decade of a prospective,
longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and
Family.;64:361–373.
Conger R.D, Wallace L.E, Sun Y, Simons R.L,
McLoyd V, & Brody G.H. (2002) Economic
pressure in African American families: A
replication and extension of the Family
Stress Model. Developmental Psychology.
38:179–193.
Conger, K. J., Rueter,M. A., & Conger,
R. D. (2000). The role of economic pressure in the
lives of parents and their adolescents: The
family stress model. In L. J. Crockett & R. J.
Conger R. D., Rueter M. A., Elder G. H. Jr
(1999). Couple resilience to economic pressure.
Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology Silbereisen (Eds.), Negotiating
dolescence in times of social change (pp.
201 – 223). Cambridge, England:
Cambridge University Press.
Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H., Jr.
(1994). Families in troubled times. New York:
DeGruyter.
Costello E.J, Compton S.N, Keeler G, &
Angold A. (2003) Relationships between poverty
and psychopathology: A natural experiment.
Journal of the American Medical
Association.
;290:2023–2029.
Cox, M. J., & Paley, B. (1997).
Families as systems. Annual Review of Psychology,48,
243-
267.
doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.243.
Crockenberg, S. B., & Forgays, D.
(1996). The role of emotion in children's
understanding
and emotional reactions to marital
conflict. Merrill-Palme Qruarterly 4, 2,
22-47.
Crockenberg, S., & Langrock, A.
(2001b). The role of specific emotions in children's
responses to interparental conflict: A test
of the model. Journal of Family Psychology,
15, 163-182.
Cui M, Donnellan M.B, & Conger R.D.
(2007) Reciprocal influences between parents"
marital problems and adolescent
internalizing and externalizing behavior.
Developmental
Psychology;43:1544–1552
Cutrona CE, Russell DW, Abraham WT, Gardner
KA, Melby JN, Bryant C, Conger RD.
Neighborhood context and financial strain
as predictors of marital interaction and
marital quality in African American
couples. Personal Relationships.
2003;10:389–409
Dakin J, & Wampler R. (2008) Money
doesn"t buy happiness, but it helps: Marital
satisfaction, psychological distress, and
demographic differences between low- and
middle-income clinic couples. The American
Journal of Family Therapy.;36:300–311
Davies, P. T., Sturge-Apple, M. L.,
Cicchetti, D., Manning, L. G., & Zale, E. (2009).
Children"s patterns of emotional reactivity
to conflict as explanatory mechanisms in
links between interpartner aggression and
child physiological functioning. Journal
of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,
50, 1384-1391.
Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M.
(1998). Exploring children"s emotional security as a
mediator of the link between marital
relations and child adjustment. Child
Development, 69,
124-139.
Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994)
Marital conflict and child adjustment: An
emotional security hypothesis.
Psychological Bulletin, 116, 387–
411.
Davies, P. T., Harold, G. T., Goeke-Morey,
M. C., & Cummings, E. M. (2002). Child
emotional security and interparental
conflict. Monographs of the Society for
Research
in Child Development (Serial No.
270), 67(3, vii-viii), 1-131.
Davies, P. T., Forman, E. M., Rasi, J. A.,
& Stevens, K. I. (2002). Assessing
children'semotional security in the
interparental subsystem: The Security in the
Interparental Subsystem (SIS) scales.
Child Development, 73, 544-562.
Davies, P. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2004).
Toward an integration of family systems and
developmental psychopathology approaches.
Development and Psychopathology, 16,
477–481.
Dew J., Yorgason J.(2010). Economic
pressure and marital conflict in retirement-aged
couples. Journal of Family Issues, 31,
164–188
Donnellan M. B., Conger K. J., McAdams K.
K.,& Neppl T. K. (2009). Personal
characteristics and resilience to economic
hardship and its consequences: Conceptual
issues and empirical illustrations.
Journal of Personality, 77, 1645–1676
Duncan G.J, Huston AC, & Weisner TS.
(2007) Higher ground: New hope for the working
poor and their children. New York: Russell
Sage Foundation.
Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Spinrad, T. L.,
Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., & Liew, J. (2005).
Relations among positive parenting,
children"s effortful control, and externalizing
problems: A three-wave longitudinal study.
Child Development, 76, 1055-1071.
Elder G. H, Jr, Eccles J, Ardelt M, Lord S.
(1995) Inner-city parents under economic
pressure: Perspectives on the strategies of
parenting. Journal of Marriage and the
Family.;57:771–784.
Emery, R. E., & O'Leary, K. D. (1982).
Children's perceptions of marital discord and
behavior problems of boys and girls.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 11-24.
Easterbrooks, M.A., Emde, R.N., R. A.
Hinde, J. Stevenson-Hinde Easterbrooks, M.A.,
&
Emde, R.N. (1988). Marital and
parent-child relationships: The role of affect in
the
family system. In R. A. Hinde
& J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), Relationships
within
families: Mutual influence (pp.
83-103). Oxford , UK: Clarendon.
Falke S.I,& Larson J.H.(2007)
Premarital predictors of remarital quality: Implications
for
clinicians. Contemporary Family Therapy: An
International Journal.;29:9–23.
Fincham, F. D., Grych, J. H., &
Osborne, L. N. (1994). Does marital conflict cause
child
maladjustment? Directions and challenges
for longitudinal research. Journal of
Family Psychology, 8,
128-140.
Fincham, F. D. (1994). Understanding the
association between marital conflict and child
adjustment: An overview. Journal of Family
Psychology, 8, 123-127.
Fomby, Paula & Andrew J. Cherlin. 2007.
"Family instability and child well-being,"
American Sociological Review 72:
181–204.
Fosco, G. M., & Grych, J. H. (2010).
Adolescent triangulation into parental conflicts:
Longitudinal implications for appraisals
and adolescent-parent relations. Journal of
Marriage and Family, 72,
254-266.
Fosco, G. M., & Grych, J. H. (2007).
Emotional expression in the family as a context for
children"s appraisals of interparental
conflict. Journal of Family Psychology, 21,
248-258.
Frone, M.R., J. C. Quick, L. E. Tertrick
Frone, M.R. (2003). Work-family balance. In J.
C.
Quick & L. E. Tertrick (Eds.),
Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp.
143-
162). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association .
Gibson-Davis, C. M., & Gassman-Pines,
A. (2010). Early childhood family structure and
mother-child interactions: Variation by
race and ethnicity. Developmental
Psychology, 46, 151–164.
Gottman, J. M., & Notarius, C. I.
(2002). Marital research in the 20th century and a
research
agenda for the 21st century. Family
Process, 41, 159–197.
Grych, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2001).
Interparental conflict and child adjustment: An
overview. In J. H. Grych & F. Fincham
(Eds.), Child development and interparental
conflict. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
Grych,J.H.,Seid,M.,&Fincham,F.D.(1992).Assessingmaritalcon?ictfromthechild"sperspective
:The Children"s Perception of Interparental
Con?ict Scale.Child Development 63,
558–572.
Haas S.A. (20006). Health selection and the
process of social stratification: The effect of
childhood health on socioeconomic
attainment. Journal of Health and Social
Behavior. 2006;47:339–354
Halberstadt, A. G., & Eaton, K. L.
(2002). A meta-analysis of family expressiveness and
children"s emotion expressiveness and
understanding. Marriage & Family Review,
34, 35-62.
Hammer, L.B., Colton, C.L., Caubet, S.,
Brockwood, K.B., J. C. Thomas, M. Hersen
Hammer, L.B., Colton, C.L., Caubet, S.,
& Brockwood, K.B. (2002). The unbalanced
life:
Work and family conflict. In J. C.
Thomas & M. Hersen (Eds.). Handbook of
mental
health in the workplace (pp.
83-101).
Harold, G. T., Fincham, F. D., Osborne, L.
N., & Conger, R. D. (1997). Mom and dad are at
it again: Adolescent perceptions of marital
conflict and adolescent distress.
Developmental Psychology,
33, 333-350.
Heaton T.B. (2002) Factors contributing to
increased marital stability in the United States.
Journal of Family
Issues.;23:392–409
Herd P, Goesling B, House JS. (2007)
Socioeconomic position and health: The differential
effects of education versus income on the
onset versus progression of health problems.
Journal of Health and Social
Behavior.;48:223–238
Hetherington, E. M., Bridges, M., &
Insabella, G. M. (1998). What matters? What does not?
Five perspectives on the association
between marital transitions and children"s
adjustment. American Psychologist,
53(2), 167–184.
Hetherington, E. M., & Kelly, J.
(2003). For better or for worse: Divorce reconsidered.
New
York: Norton.
Hill, M. S., Yeung, W.-J. J., & Duncan,
G. J. (2001). Childhood family structure and young
adult behaviors. Journal of Population
Economics, 14, 271–299.
Huston A.C, Duncan G.J, McLoyd V.C, Crosby
D.A, Ripke M.N, Weisner T.S, & Eldred
C.A. (2005). Impacts on children of a
policy to promote employment and reduce
poverty for low-income parents: New Hope
after 5 years. Developmental
Psychology.;41:902–918
Huston, T. L. (1983). Power. In H. H.
Kelley, E. Berscheid,A. Christensen, J. H. Harvey, T.
L. Huston, G.Levinger, E. McClintock, L. A.
Peplau, & D. R. Peterson Eds.Close
relationships, ( pp.
169–219). New York: W. H. Freeman.
Hubbard, R., & Adams, C. (1936).
Factors affecting the success of child guidance clinic
treatment. American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 6, 81-103.
Jouriles, E. N., Bourg,W., & Farris, A.
M. (1991). Marital adjustment and child conduct
problems: A comparison of the correlation
across subsamples. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology,
59, 354–357.
Jouriles, E., Murphy, C., Farris, A., &
Smith, D. (1991). Marital adjustment, parental
disagreements about child rearing, and
behaviour problems in boys: Increasing the
specificity of the marital assessment.
Child Development, 62, 1424–1433.
Karney B. R.,Bradbury T. N. (2005).
Contextual influences on marriage: Implications for
policy and intervention. Current
Directions in Psychological Science, 14,
171–174
Karney B.R,& Story L.B, Bradbury
TN.(2005) Marriages in context: Interactions between
chronic and acute stress among newlyweds.
In: Revenson TA, Kayser K, Bodenmann
G, editors. Emerging perspective on
couples" coping with stress. Washington,
DC: American Psychological
Association;. pp. 13–32.
Katz, L. F., & Gottman, J. M. (1991).
Marital discord and child outcomes: A social
psychophysiological approach. In J. Garber
& K. A. Dodge (Eds.), The development
of emotion regulation and
dysregulation (pp. 129-158). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
Kazdin, A. E. (1987). Treatment of
antisocial behavior in children: Current status and
future
directions. Psychological
Bulletin, 102, 187±203.
Kerig, P. K. (2001). Children"s coping with
interparental conflict. In J. H. Grych&F. D.
Fincham (Eds.), Interparental conflict
and child development: Theory, research, and
application (pp. 213-245).
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kerig, P. K. (1995). Triangles in the
family circle: Effects of family structure on
marriage,
parenting, and child adjustment.
Journal of Family Psychology, 9,
28-43.
Kim J, Durden E. (2007) Socioeconomic
status and age trajectories of health. Social Science
&
Medicine.;65:2489–2502
Kiser L. J.(2007). Protecting
children from the dangers of urban poverty. Clinical
Psychology
Review, 27,
211–225
Koss, K. J., George, M. R. W., Bergman, K.
N., Cummings, E. M., Davies, P. T., &
Cicchetti, D. (2011). Understanding
children"s emotional processes and behavioural
strategies in the context of marital
conflict. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 109,
336-352.
Krieger, N., D.R. Williams and N.E. Moss
(1997) "Measuring Social Class in US Public
Health Research: Concepts, Methodologies,
and Guidelines", American Journal of
Public Health 18:
341–78.
Kurdek, Lawrence A.; Fine, Mark; Sinclair,
& Ronald J. (1995) School Adjustment in Sixth
graders: Parenting transitions, Family
climate, and Peer norm effects. Child
Development. 66:430–445.
Leventhal T, Fauth R.C, & Brooks-Gunn
J. (2005). Neighborhood poverty and public policy:
A 5-year follow-up of children"s
educational outcomes in the New York City Moving
to Opportunity demonstration.
Developmental Psychology ;41:933–952
Lewis, M. D., Granic, I., & Lamm, C.
(2006). Behavioral differences in aggressive children
linked with neural mechanisms of emotion
regulation. Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences, 1094,
164-177.
Lindahl, K. M., Malik, N. M., Kaczynski,
K., & Simons, J. S. (2004). Couple power
dynamics, systemic family functioning, and
child adjustment: A test of a meditational
model in a multiethnic sample.
Development and Psychopathology, 16, 609-630.
Lindahl KM, & Malik NM. (1999) Marital
conflict, family processes, and boys" externalizing
behavior in Hispanic American and European
American families. Journal of Clinical
Child Psychology,
28:12–24.
Link B.G. Epidemiological sociology and the
social shaping of population and health.
Journal of Health and Social
Behavior. 2008;49:367–384.
Lynch M, & Cicchetti D. (1998) An
ecological-transactional analysis of children and
contexts: The longitudinal interplay among
child maltreatment, community violence,
and children's symptomatology.
Development and Psychopathology.
10:235–257
Magnuson, Katherine & Lawrence M.
Berger.( 20090. "Family structure states and
transitions: Associations with children"s
well-being during middle childhood,"
Journal of Marriage and Family 71:
575–591.
Manning, W. D., & Brown, S. (2006).
Children"s economic well-being in married and
cohabiting parent families. Journal of
Marriage and Family, 68, 345–362.
Martin SP. (2006) Trends in marital
dissolution by women"s education in the United States.
Demographic
Research.,15:537–560.
Martinez, Charles R.; Forgatch, &
Marion S. (2002) Adjusting to Change: Linking Family
Structure Transitions With Parenting and
Boys" Adjustment. Journal of Family
Psychology.
16:107–117.
McLeod J.D & Kaiser K. (2004) Childhood
emotional and behavioral problems and
educational attainment. American
Sociological Review.;69:636–658.
McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Socioeconomic
disadvantage and child development. American P
Minuchin, P. (1985). Families and
individual development: Provocations from the
field of family therapy. Child
Development, 56, 289–302sychologist, 53, 185 –
204.
Mistry, R. S., Biesanz, J. C., Taylor, L.
C, Burchinal, M., & Cox, M. J. (2004). Family
income and its relation to preschool
children's adjustment for families in the NICHD-
Study of Early Child Care.
Developmental Psychology, 40, 727-745.
Mistry, R. S., Biesanz, J., Chien, N.,
Howes, C., & Benner, A. D. (2008). SES, parental
investments, and the cognitive and
behavioral outcomes of low-income children from
immigrant and native households. Early
Childhood Research Quarterly, 23,
193-212.
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L.,
Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The
role of family context in the development
of emotion regulation. Social Development,
16, 361-388.
Morris P, Duncan G.J, & Clark-Kauffman
E. (2005) Child well-being in an era of welfare
reform: The sensitivity of transitions in
development to policy change. Developmental
Psychology.;41:919–932
Najman, Jake M.; Behrens, Brett C.;
Andersen, Margaret; Bor, William; O"Callaghan,
Michael; Williams, & Gail M. (1997)
Impact of Family Type and Family Quality on
Child Behavior Problems. Journal of the
American Academy on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
36:1357–1365.
Nelson JA, O"Brien M, Blankson AN, Calkins
SD, Keane SP.(2009) Family stress and
parental responses to children"s negative
emotions: Tests of the spillover, crossover,
and compensatory hypotheses. Journal of
Family Psychology.,23:671–679.
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network.
(1998b). Relations between family predictors and child outcomes:
Are they weaker for children in child care? Developmental
Psychology, 34, 1119–1128.
Nichols, M. P., & Schwartz, R. C.
(2004). Family therapy: Concepts and methods (6th
ed.).
Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Oakes JM, Rossi PH. (2003) The measurement
of SES in health research: Current practice
and steps toward a new approach. Social
Science and Medicine.;56:769–784.
Olson, D. H., & Cromwell, R.E. (1975)
Power in families. In R. E. Cromwell & D. H. Olson
(Eds.), Power in families (pp.
3–11) . New York: Sage.
Orbuch T.L, Veroff J, Hassan H, &
Horrocks J. (2002). Who will divorce: A 14-year
longitudinal study of black couples and
white couples. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships
;19:179–202
Osborne, Cynthia & Sara McLanahan.
(2007) . "Partnership instability and child
well-being,"
Journal of Marriage & Family
69: 1065–1083.
Osborne, L. N., & Fincham, F. D.
(1996). Marital conflict, parent-child relationships,
and
child adjustment: Does gender matter?
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 42, 48-75.
Overbeek G, Vollebergh W, de Graaf R,
Scholte R, de Kemp, & Engels R. (2006)
Longitudinal associations of marital
quality and marital dissolution with the incidence
of DSM-III-R disorders.
Journal of Family Psychology.
20:284–291.
Parke R.D, Coltrane S, Duffy S, Buriel R,
Dennis J, & Powers J.( 2004 )Economic stress,
parenting, and child adjustment in Mexican
American and European American
families. Child Development.
75:1632–1656
Patterson, G. R., & Reid, J. B. (1984)
. Social interactional processes within the family:
The
study of the moment by moment family
transactions in which human social
development is embedded. Journal of
Applied Developmental Psychology, 5,
237–
Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., &
Dishion, T. J. (in press). Antisocial boys.
Eugene, OR: Castalia.262.
Popenoe D. (2007) The state of our unions:
The social health of marriage in America.
Piscataway, NJ: the National Marriage
Project.
Rauer A.J, Karney B.R, Garvan C.W, &
Hou W. (2008) Relationship risks in context: A
cumulative risk approach to understanding
relationship satisfaction. Journal of
Marriage and
Family;70:1122–1135.
Reid W.J, & Crisafulli (1990) A Marital
discord and child behavior problems: A meta-
analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology.;18:105–117.
Riley A. W., Coiro M. J., Broitman M.,
Colantuoni E., Hurley K. M., Bandeen-Roche K., &
Miranda J.(2009). Mental health of children
of low-income depressed mothers:
Influences of parenting, family
environment, and raters. Psychiatric Services, 60,
329–336.
Russell, M., Regan, D.P., Linda, A., &
Janet, B.F. (2006). Work-to relationship conflict:
Crossover effects in dual earner couples.
Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
, 11, 228-240
Rutter, M. 2006. Genes and Behavior:
Nature-Nurture Interplay Explained.
Blackwell Publishing. Oxford.
Sameroff A.J, & MacKenzie M.J. (2003)
Research strategies for capturing transactional
models of development: The limits of the
possible. Development and
Psychopathology.;15:613–640.
Schoon I., Jones E., Cheng H.&,Maughan
B.(2011). Family hardship, family instability,
and
cognitive development. Journal of
Epidemiology and Community Health, 66,
716–722
Seifer, R., Sameroff, A., Baldwin, C. P.,
& Baldwin, A. L. (1992). Child and family factors
that ameliorate risk between 4 and 13 years
of age. Journal of the American Academy
of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31,
893–903.
Solantaus, T., Leinonen, J.A., & &
Punamäki, R.L. (2004). Children's Mental Health
in
Times of Economic Recession: Replication
and Extensions of the Family Economic
Stress Model in Finland". Developmental
Psychology, 40, 412-429.
South S.J. (2001) The geographic context of
divorce: Do neighborhoods matter? Journal of
Marriage and
Family.;63:755–766.
Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Early relationships
and the development of children. Infant
Mental
Health Journal, 21,
67–74.
Stanley S.M, Amato P.R, Johnson C.A,&
Markman H.J. (2006) Premarital education,
marital quality, and marital stability:
Findings from a large, random household survey.
Journal of Family
Psychology.;20:117–126
Swanson, V., & Power, K. G. (1999).
Stress, satisfaction and role conflict in dual-doctor
partnerships. Community Work and
Family, 2, 67-88.
Tach, L., Mincy, R., & Edin, K. (2010).
Parenting as a "package deal": Relationships,
fertility, and nonresident father
involvement among unmarried parents.
Demography,
47, 181–204.
Teachman, J. (2003). Childhood living
arrangements and the formation of coresidential
unions. Journal of Marriage and
Family, 65, 507–524.
Thompson, R. A., & Meyer, S. (2007).
Socialization of emotion regulation in the family. In
J.
J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion
regulation (pp. 249-269). New York, NY:
Guilford.
Treiman, Donald J. (1976). "A Standard
Occupational Prestige Scale for Use with Historical
Data." Journal of Interdisciplinary
History 7:283-304.
Waters, E., & Cummings, E. M. (2000). A
secure base from which to explore close
relationships. Child Development,
71(1), 164–172.
Westman, M., Vinokur, A., Hamilton, L.,
& Roziner, I. (2004). Crossover of marital
dissatisfaction during military downsizing
among Russian army officers and their
spouses. Journal of Applied Psychology,
89, 769-779.
Westman, M., & Etzion, D. (2005). The
crossover of work–family conflict from one
spouse
to the other. Journal of Applied Social
Psychology, 35, 1936-1957.
Westman, M. (2001). Stress and strain
crossover. Human Relations, 54, 717-751.
Westman, M., & Etzion, D. (1995).
Crossover of stress, strain and resources from one spouse to
another. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16,
169-181.
Wickrama KAS, Conger R.D, Lorenz F.O, &
Jung T. (2008) Family antecedents and
consequences of trajectories of depressive
symptoms from adolescence to young
adulthood: A life course investigation.
Journal of Health and Social
Behavior.49:468–483
White L, & Rogers SJ. (2000) Economic
circumstances and family outcomes: A review of
the 1990s. Journal of Marriage and the
Family. 2000;62:1035–1051.
Autor:
Olusegun Emmanuel Afolabi
Course Name: Social Psychology
Atlantic International
University
Página anterior | Volver al principio del trabajo | Página siguiente |